contrast, the effect of food restriction on overall lifespan depended on when the restriction was

first imposed. As such, lifespan was maximized when food consumption was limited early in

life, whereas reproductive output was maximized when food consumption throughout life was

maximized. In effect, food restriction extended development but shortened adult lifespan, with

negative consequences for final body size, reproductive lifespan, reproductive output, and, quite

possibly, fitness. In C. morosus, it appears that storage reserves acquired early in life are

essential for determining adult survival and for entraining the timing and rate of reproductive

processes, but adult income is essential for egg provisioning. Putative fitness is therefore dictated

both by past and current nutritional conditions.