compared to groups R and AL-R at 5th (F4,53 = 15.576,p < 0.0001). These differences suggest that

egg output is enhanced early in the reproductive lifespan by ad libitum feeding during adulthood

prior to first oviposition. The low reproductive output of R insects was compounded by low

survival to first oviposition, such that egg production was severely diminished by lifelong FR.

Differences in egg production did not simply result from differences in body size, as analysis of

covariance revealed significant differences in adjusted mean fecundity when body mass at first

oviposition was used as a covariate (Table 5-4). Adjusted mean fecundity also differed among

groups when relative body mass at the adult molt was used as a covariate (F4,53 = 42.872, p <

0.0001; data not shown). Egg production was also altered by diet history through effects on

average egg mass (F4,53 = 8.195,p < 0.0001, Fig. 5-8), with insects experiencing a diet switch

from ad libitum to restricted feeding producing significantly smaller eggs than continuously ad

libitum insects. Differences in reproductive output do not appear to result from differences in

ovarian morphology among groups (Table 5-5). However, although Tukey's HSD post hoc test

did not reveal significant differences in ovariole number among treatment groups, a less

conservative post hoc test (the Least Significant Difference test) indicated that initially restricted

insects (groups R and R-AL at 5th) had significantly fewer ovarioles than initially ad libitum

insects (groups AL, AL-R at 5th, and AL-R at Ov) (p < 0.05 for all significant comparisons).

 Diet history did affect the number of eggs remaining in the ovaries at death (unfulfilled

reproductive potential, F4,53 = 5.286, p = 0.001), with R insects having more eggs remaining in

the ovaries at death than AL-R at 5th insects. All other pairwise comparisons of unfulfilled

reproductive potential were not significant. Groups also differed in potential fecundity (F4,53

71.62, p < 0.0001, calculated as unfulfilled reproductive potential plus realized fecundity) and

total reproductive investment (F4,53 = 49.57, p < 0.0001, calculated as the summed mass of all