4 GENDER ROLES AND RELATIONS IN A TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNITY.......... 104

 G en d er an d M ig ratio n ........................................................................................................... 10 4
 Women and Gender Research in Guatemala...... .... ...... ..................... 104
 M aya and Ladino W omen in San Pedro Pinula.................................. ..................111
 W om en's Physical M obility .................. ............................................................ 114
 M igrant H household Form ation ................. .........................................................1...... 18
 R em ittances as Social C control ..................................... ....................... ............... 119
 G ossip as Social Control ............................................................... ..... ..... .... .......... .... 120
 Remittance Expenditures: Productive or Reproductive?.................... ...................122
 Children's Education ...................... .. ........... .............................. 124
 W om en's R eturn M igration....................................... ......................... ............... 126
 C o n c lu sio n ................................................................................................... ..................... 12 9

5 TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNICATION...... ........ ......................133

 Access to Communication Technology: Changes from 1999 to 2005 ...............................133
 L ette rs ................................................................................................... ........ . ....... 1 3 4
 A u diotap es ......................................................................... .... ............. .................. 134
 P riv ate H om e P hones .................................................. ............................................ 135
 C om m unity Pay Phones ..................... ............................................................... 135
 C cellular phones............................................................................. ........................... 138
 Positive and Negative Impacts of Cell Phones ........................................ ............... 140
 V ideos ................................................................................ ........ ................. 142
 Video Tape Production as a Business ....... ......... ........ ...................... 142
 Com m unity Events on V ideo .................. ........................................................... 143
 Maria and her Video Plea to her Husband........................................ 145
 Transnational Couples and Communication...... .... ...... ...................... 150
 P population Study : Sam ple ................................................ ................. ........... .... .......... ... 15 1
 Remittances, Gossip, and Social Controls: Dealing with the In-laws............................... 151
 Post-M arital Residence..................................................................... 151
 Social and E conom ic C controls .............................................................. ................... 152
 In-laws' Control Over Remittances and Communication Between Young Couples .... 153
 Phone Calls, Love Letters, and Transnational Quarrels..................... ................... 155
 Communication After the Cell Phone ...... .......... ........ ...................... 158
 C o n c lu sio n ................................................................................................... ..................... 1 5 8

6 TRAN SNATIONAL IDEN TITIES.................................... ....................... ................ 160

 R research Q u estion s ........................................................................................ .. .. ......... .......... 16 1
 Transnational Migration and Ethnic Relations...... .... ........................ 164
 G ender and M igration .................................................... ............................................... 167
 F u tu re R e se arch .............. ..... ......... ......... .......................................................................17 0
 Gender and Ethnicity in the Home Community ...... ... ...................................... 170
 Xenophobia in the United States ........................................................ 171
 A ssim ilation ......................................... ............. .................. 171
 C o n c lu sio n ................................................................................................... ..................... 17 2

 9