Ethnic Category Alternatives to M aya and Ladino ........................................... ................ 57
 Ladino vs. Mixed Ladinos of Varying Degrees....................................................57
 M aya and Ladino Festivals and Dances ......................................................... 58
 F estivals and their Significance........................................ ......................................... 59
 D an c e s .................................................................................................. ........ ....... .. 6 1
 The Setting: San Pedro Pinula, Jalapa, Guatem ala............................................ ................ 61
 T he R region ........................................................................................................... . 63
 T he D epartm ent of Jalapa............................................................................ ................ 63
 The M unicipality of San Pedro Pinula ....................................................... ................ 64
 Colonial Antecedents to Local Ethnic Relations............................................... ................ 65
 Ladino Expropriation of Indigenous Lands................................................ ................ 66
 Revolutionary Times .................... .. ........... ............................... 67
 Jalapa: P ost-A rbenz to Present ........................................ ........................ ................ 68
 E arly International M igration ........................................................................ ............... 70
 The beginnings of migration to the United States...................................... ................ 71

3 TRANSFORMING ETHNICITY IN THE TRANSNATIONAL SPHERE: MAYA
 AND LADINO RELATIONS IN GUATEMALA AND BOSTON................................74

 Ladino and M aya M igration to the United States............................................. ................. 74
 Indigenous Entrance in the Migrant Stream: the Importance of Patron-Client
 R relations ................................................ .. .... ............. ..................... 76
 Migrants Helping and Receiving Other Migrants ......................................................79
 Undocumented Migration Through the Decades..................... ....................80
 Finding Someone to "Ayudar" (Help) and "Recibir" (Receive)............................... 81
 L adinos "helping" L adinos......................................................................... ................ 82
 Ladinos Helping Maya: Maya Helping Themselves..................................................83
 M aya M igration and Increased Ethnic Divisions .............................................. ................ 84
 Land, Income-Generation, and Remittance Investment ....................................................86
 Rapid Return of Pokomam Maya to the Migrant Circuit...........................................86
 Alternative Land Reforms: Mayas Buy Back Their Land..........................................88
 Return M grants vs. Transnational M igrants............................................. ................. 89
 Attitudes of Ladino Migrants Towards Maya Migrants in Pinula and the United States....... 91
 L adina M grants ............................................................................. .. . .................. 9 1
 Inter-ethnic M marriages ................... .................... .............. ....................... 92
 Home Community Views on Inter-ethnic Marriages ................................................94
 B oston as a R receiving C ity ................................................... ............................................ 95
 Transnational B oston ....................... ............. ........ .. .. .. .... ..................95
 "There Are no Indians in the United States": Reproduction of Ethnic Structure in
 B o sto n ......................... ................... ..... ..... ..................................................... 9 6
 The Case of the Ambulance: Hometown Associations and Maya-Ladino Relations
 in the U united States ................................ ......................... ....... .... .............. ........ ..... 99
 Maya and Ladino Equality in the U.S. Racial Order...... .... .....................................100
 Changing Ladino and Maya Ethnic Relations....................................... 102