TABLE OF CONTENTS



A C K N O W L E D G M EN T S ......... ......... .. ..................................................................... iv

LIST OF TA BLES ............. .. .......................... ........ ...... .. ............. viii

LIST OF FIGURES ......... ......................... ...... ........ ............ ix

A B S T R A C T .......................................... ..................................................x v

CHAPTER

1 LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................1

 C y c a d s ........................... ......................................... 1
 G general Scale Insect Inform ation ........................................ ........................... 2
 Cycad Aulacaspis Scale (CA S) ............................................................................. 2
 Chem ical Control of CA S........................................................... .............5
 B biological C control of C A S ........................................ ................................. 6
 C yb oceph alidae.............................. ............................................. ....................... . 6
 Cybocephalids as Biological Control Agents............................................................7
 Rhyzobius lophanthae ......... ................................. ......................... ............... 11

2 LIFE HISTORY OF Cybocephalus nipponicus ENDRODY-YOUNGA A
 PREDATOR OF Aulacaspis yasumatsui TAKAGI (HOMOPTERA:
 D IA SP ID ID A E ) ......... .... ........ .. .. ............ ...................................................... 15

 Introduction ................ ........ ................................ ...........................15
 M materials and M methods ....................................................................... .................. 16
 R results and D discussion ........................................ ................... .. ...... 18

3 PESTICIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF Cybocephalus nipponicus AND Rhyzobius
 lophanthae (COLEOPTERA: CYBOCEPHALIDAE, COCCINELLIDAE) ............32

 In tro d u ctio n ...................................... ................................................ 3 2
 M materials and M methods ....................................................................... ..................34
 In sects ....................................................................... ................. 3 4
 Bioassays Using Coated Glass Vial Method.....................................................35
 Statistical A naly sis ......................... .. .................... ......... ........... 36
 R e su lts ...................................... .................................................... 3 7