of all the previous data. The termination of this study occurred when the second phase of

remediation, a full scale ethanol flushing, was initiated in July 2004.

1.2 Motivation for the Project

 The Sages site is currently abandoned but was operational from 1968-1973 and from

1979-1989. The suspected source of PCE, a dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL), was a

floor drain at the site [Levine-Fricke Recon (LFR), 1997; Sillan, 1999; Jawitz et al., 2000]. The

high specific gravity of PCE caused it to flow downward by gravity drainage, through the highly

sandy media. The subsurface region containing PCE was subject to groundwater flow,

generating a dissolved contaminant plume flowing downgradient. The area containing free

phase PCE is referred to as the source zone, consisting of PCE pools collecting on lenses of finer

grained materials and residual PCE entrapped by the capillary forces in the subsurface media.

The source zone was approximately 7.3 m long by 2.7 m wide and existed from 7.9 to 9.6 m

below the ground surface (bgs) [LFR, 1997; Sillan, 1999; Jawitz et al., 2000]. Although

hydraulic conductivity estimates are high in the mostly sandy media, the hydraulic gradient is

very small such that local groundwater velocity is very slow. The low solubility of PCE

combined with the low groundwater velocity would generate a contaminated groundwater plume

for decades or centuries if depletion of entrapped and pooled DNAPL was strictly by natural

gradient dissolution [Kueper et al., 1993; Lemke et al., 2004].

 In 1998, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP), Levine Fricke,

Inc. (LFR), and the University of Florida conducted a pilot-scale ethanol flushing test to evaluate

the enhanced removal of PCE at Sages field site. A mixture of 95% food grade ethanol and 5%

water was injected into the subsurface and recovered through a hydraulically controlled remedial