values equality cannot tolerate bias. In other words, society cannot theoretically value

equality and tolerate bias at the same time. Consequently, any time bias functions to

violate basic human rights, the act is considered a serious offense.

Crime

 Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) presented a general theory of crime in which they

asserted that discipline dependent definitions of crime reflect the interest of the

discipline. For example, economists view crime as being economically determined,

sociologists view crime as being socially determined, and psychologists view crime as

determined by psychopathology, etc. As a result, Gottfredson and Hirschi offered the

following general definition of crime: "behaviors that are attempts to satisfy immediate

needs rather than delaying gratification." Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory of crime has

been criticized in the literature because their theory of why people commit crime is based

solely on self-control (Baron, 2003). The intent here is to adopt the definition and not

discuss the merits of the theory by weighing the pros and cons of self-control as an

etiology of criminal behavior. Because, placed within the context of the previous

discussion on social justice, Gottfredson and Hirschi's definition of crime is consistent

with the idea that in general terms crime is a discourse to social justice. At the level of the

individual, crime is behavior that meets an individual need at the risk of violating the

social contract.Punishment

 When an individual commits a crime against person or property, the act is said to

reflect not only on the character of the individual but also on that of society (Clark,

1970). Consequently, how a society responds to the criminal behavior is also a reflection

on society (Clark). Therefore, when an individual violates the rights of another person, it

is believed that permissiveness has brought out his basic selfish instincts (Clark).