However, the terminology is used throughout other periods to characterize the two groups

and is used in various texts. With that said, those who developed commercial operations

soon became intensive agriculturalists, cultivated large tracts of land and became wealthy

plantation holders. They cultivated cotton, wheat and barley and adopted the culture of

the southern aristocracy, which included slave ownership (Graebner, 1945). Some

Cherokees who engaged in subsistence activities farmed communally, but it was

becoming less common.

 From 1800 to 1820 the Cherokees adopted many additional innovations such as the

Euro-American education system, literacy and Christianity. U.S.'s republican form of

government was also adopted as the political structure of Cherokee Nation (Wahrhaftig,

1978). Further, Malone cited by Goodwin (1977) states "by the 1830's, the Cherokees

had become a nation of farmers, with 2,700 families, or 93% of the population, managing

their own farms and tending to thousands of cattle, swine, horses" (p. 140).

 In 1819, Congress created the Civilization Fund which aimed to civilize Indians

through farming. Numerous schools run by Christian churches began to offer education

to Indian males and females to help them learn tasks to integrate them into society. Males

were taught to farm and maintain livestock while women were taught to weave, spin and

cook (Hurt, 1987).

 Tensions over land increased between American settlers and Cherokees. Thomas

Jefferson aimed to create Indian policies to assimilate Indians into American culture

through farming during his presidency, beginning in 1801 (Perdue, 1996). Jefferson

hoped to reduce Indian land holdings, which would allow more land to become available

for white settlers. He also hoped that eventually the Indians would move west. Hurt cites

Esarey "To promote this disposition to exchange lands which they have to spare and we