the plow, domesticated livestock, metal tools and guns through trade. They commonly

traded guns, cloth and rum with Cherokees for agricultural products, minerals and

deerskin. Cherokees adopted new crops, such as peaches, apples, onions, watermelons,

rice, okra, cabbage, and potatoes. Cotton was also introduced during this period, but was

not widely cultivated. Tools such as the plow and iron hoe and axe were also introduced,

but they were rejected by village chiefs and their use was limited during this period.

Goodwin (1977) states that the use of these tools was rejected because chiefs thought that

they would affect the balance of nature and reduce the number of people needed for

cultivation and gathering.

 Starting in the 1690s, missionaries encouraged Cherokees to hunt less game and

cultivate more land. This was a mechanism used by missionaries to reduce the amount of

land needed to hunt, which would reduce the amount of total land needed by Cherokees

for food resources. They urged the "Cherokees to abandon their ancient ways, including

hunting, and instead, 'to employ themselves in tilling the ground"' (Knepler, 1942, p.60).

"Apparently, the colonial and federal governments had adopted a policy designed to

change Indian values concerning land tenure, so that they might be satisfied with less"

(Goodwin, 1977, p.141). The missionaries focused on teaching Cherokees to become

more reliant on European agricultural techniques. Further, many European farmers

believed that Indians were not adequately using their land because they under cultivated

it or did not cultivate it at all. This was considered a waste. This encouraged farmers and

missionaries to teach Cherokees to farm the European way, which they believed made the

land more productive (Hurt, 1987).

 As a result, more pronounced changes occurred in hunting patterns. The

introduction of guns and horses greatly contributed to this change. Horses became the