address these obstacles. They proposed thinking of career as a series of action,

interactions, and short-term projects that constitute a lifetime of vocational pursuits.

 Emerging Theory

 R. Vance Peavy has been instrumental in articulating the paradigm shift from

modern career theory to postmodern career counseling. Peavy (1995) theorized that

individuals construct themselves by evaluating and integrating experiences into their

perceptions of reality. People demonstrate different stories of themselves in relation to

their audiences and attach meanings to their experiences in order to organize the world

around them. Critical refection can help individuals to construct realities that are more

personally fulfilling (Peavy, 1995).

 In addition, Peavy (1995) explicated the role of the counselor in this process by

emphasizing collaborative partnerships, receptive inquiries, and a focus on pattern and

theme recognition. He felt that it was important to use only the client's perceptions and

construction of reality, rather than spending time wondering about some concrete truth.

 Constructivist career assessment, according to Peavy (1996), should encourage

clients to actively reflect upon their experiences. He advocated for developing new

career assessments that help clients consider the implications of their values, attitudes,

dispositions and preferences as well as the meanings behind them. He encouraged the

use of autobiography, word sculpting, and interviewing.

 In her 2001 article, Brott outlined constructivist assumptions including the

inseparable link between person and the environment, the idea that there are no absolute

truths, that understanding behavior includes understanding context, and that individuals

define themselves and the environment. The process of career counseling involves the

co-construction of future-focused narrative between counselor and client (Brott, 2001).