there is a spiritual coping adaptive effect in the management of older adult postoperative

pain.

Roy Adaptation Model-Based Research

 In 1976, Sister Callista Roy's theory of an adaptation model for nursing was

presented to guide nursing education in the United States. The theory was later revised to

address the middle range or practice level theory relevant to patient care in nursing. In

1999, a new model of the Human Adaptive system was introduced to clarify the

understanding of the various components of the theory and to extend it into clinical

practice (Roy & Andrews, 1999). Roy defines the purpose of nursing practice as the

promotion of the ability of human adaptive systems to adjust effectively to changes in the

environment and to the individual's ability to modify their environment (Roy &

Andrews, 1999). Roy's theory contains scientific and philosophical assumptions that

describe successful human coping in changing environments. According to Roy, the

adaptation of the human system is based on scientific assumptions that include: 1)

meaning is necessary for person and environment integration; 2) thinking and feeling is

necessary for awareness; 3) people have a commonality of patterns and relationships; 4)

adaptation results from the integration people and their environment. Further, the

adaptation concept includes Roy's philosophical assumptions: 1) relationships include a

higher power and the world; 2) people use the ability of faith; 3) God is observed in

diversity of creation, and is the destiny of creation.