Notes


162 Emmanuel Levinas, "Useless Suffering," trans. Richard Cohen, The Provocation of
Levinas, ed. Robert Bernasconi and David Wood (London: Routledge, 1988), 162.
Quoted in Rober Eagleston's "From Behind the Bars of Quotation Marks: Emmanuel
Levinas's (Non)-Representation of the Holocaust," The Holocaust and the Text: Speaking
the Unspeakable, eds. Andrew Leak and George Paizis (New York: St. Martin, 2000),
102.

163 Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Differend: Phrases in Dispute, trans. Georges Van Den
Abbeele (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1988) 100-101.
164 There has been a controversy not only about the "Holocaust" but also about other
terms such as ".Seh" and "genocide" used to refer to the Nazi murder of the Jews during
the World War II. All these terms have different connotative political, religious, and
cultural meanings and, as historian Omer Bartov argues, the very presence of multiple
names testifies to "an unease with its presence, fear, and anxiety at calling it what it
really is" (79). For a detailed discussion see his "Antisemitism, the Holocaust, and
Reinterpretations of National Socialism," The Holocaust andHistory: The Known, the
Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined, eds. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J.
Peck (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1998), 78-82.
165 Shoshana Felman, "The Return of the Voice: Claude Lanzmann's .\V liih," Testimony:
Crisis of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History, eds. Shoshana Felman
and Doria Laub (New York: Routledge, 1992), 224.

166 Jurgen Habermas, Eine Art Schadensabwicklung (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1987), p. 163;
in English The New Conservatism: Cultural Criticism and the Historians' Debate
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1989). Quoted in Saul Friedlander, "Introduction,"
Probing the Limits ofRepresentation: Nazism and the "Final Soluation," ed. Saul
Friedlander (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1992), 3.

167 I am indebted to cultural psychiatrist Laurence J. Kirmayer and his idea of
"landscapes of memory" for this concept. In "Landscapes of Memory: Trauma, Narrative,
and Dissociation," he emphasizes the importance of social expectations and demands that
influence and form a particular type of memory. He argues that these expectations and
demands create a "landscape of memory, which he defines as "the metaphoric terrain
that shapes the distance and effort required to remember effectively charged and socially
defined events that initially may be vague, impressionistic, or simply absent from
memory"(175). Our memories, as he explains, are selectively determined not only by the