Chard, D., & Dickson, S. V. (1999). Phonological awareness: Instructional and assessment guidelines, Intervention in School and Clinic, 34, 261-270. Ciner, E., Dobson, V., Schmidt, P., Allen, D., Cyert, L., Maguire, M., Moore, B., Orel- Bixler, D., Schultz, J. (1999). A survey of vision screening policy of preschool children in the United States. Survey Ophthalmology, 43, 445-457. Clark, D. B., & Uhry, J. K. (1995). Dyslexia: Theory and practice of remedial instruction. Baltimore, MD: York Press. Clay, M. M. (1985). The early detection of reading difficulties. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Clay, M. M. (1993a). An observation survey of early literacy achievement. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Clay, M. M. (1993b). Reading recovery: A guidebook for teachers in training. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Deeney, T., Gidney, C., Wolf, M., & Morris, R. (1999). Phonological skills ofAfrican- American reading-disabled children. Paper presented at 6th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading. Montreal, Canada. De Jong, P. F., & van der Leij, A. (2003). Developmental changes in the manifestation of a phonologicaldeficit in dyslexic children learning to read a regular orthography. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 22-40. Denckla, M. B., & Rudel, R. G. (1976). Rapid automatized naming (R.A.N.): Dyslexia differentiated from other learning disabilities. Neuropsychologia, 14, 471-479. Denckla, M. B., & Rudel, R. G. (1974). Rapid automatized maing of prictured objects, colors, letters, and numbers by normal children, Cortex, 10, 186-202. Di Lollo, V., Hanson, D., & McIntyre, J. S. (1983). Initial stages of visual information differences in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 21, 360-406. Dole, J., Duffy, G., Roehler, L., & Pearson, P. (1991). Moving from the old to the new: Research on reading comprehension instruction. Review of Educational Research, 61, 239-264. Duke, N. (2000). 3.6 minutes per day: The scarcity of informational texts in first grade. Reading Research Quarterly, 35, 202-224. Eden, G. F., Stein, J. F., & Wood, F. B. (1993). Visuospatial ability and language processing in reading disabled and normal children. In S. F. Wright & R. Croner (Eds.), Facets of dyslexia and its remediation: Studies in visual information processing. Amsterdam: North-Holland.