Based on the several results of indices on this SEM model, phonological

awareness, rapid-naming, and visual skills are significantly associated with reading

fluency. Therefore, Hypothesis 1 was rejected.

Regression Analysis and Correlational Analysis with SEM

Multiple regression analysis

 A multiple regression analysis was conducted by using SEM to examine

Hypotheses 2 through 5. The regression coefficientsof four independent constructs and

one dependent construct is displayed in Figure 4-1. Table 4-12 represents regressions as

well as t-value. The italicized numbers represent t-value. If the t-value is greater than

1.96 with .05 level, it means that the regression between one dependent variable and one

independent variable is statistically significant. All of the t-values on this regression

matrix are greater than 1.96. Therefore, the following hypotheses were able to examined

by this statistical approach:

H2 Phonological awareness measures are not significantly associated with reading
 fluency.

H3 Rapid-naming measures are not significantly associated with reading fluency.

H4 Eye-movement/Orthographic measures are not significantly associated with
 reading fluency.

H5 Visual perception measures are not significantly associated with reading fluency.

 Hypotheses 2 and 5 were rejected since the correlations are statistically significant.

However, due to the adjustment of constructs, the original Hypothesis 3 and 4 could not

be examined. Instead, rapid-naming (RN) measures and eye-movement (EM) measures

were combined into the modified construct and examined. The results indicate that the

RN/EM latent variable is significantly associated with reading fluency. In addition, the