Table 4-9. Factors for Variables in the Overall Model
 Measurement Model
 Proposed Constructs
 Observed Variables


Factor 1


Phonological Awareness
 Elision
 Blending into words


Factor 2 Rapid Naming
 Digit rapid naming
 Letter rapid naming


Factor 3 Eye-movement/Orthographic
 Skills
 Eye-movement-vertical
 Eye-movement-horizontal
 Reversal
Factor 4 Visual Processing Skills
 Visual Discrimination
 Visual Memory
 Visual Closure
Factor 5 Reading Fluency
 Reading Fluency I
 Reading Fluency II
Goodness x2 (66) = 1708.237
of Fit NFI= .937
Results NNFI= .943
 CFI= .962
 SRMR= .072
 RMSEA= .079
 90% Confidence Interval of RMSEA
 : (.059- .099)


I and Goodness of Fit Results of the

Modified Constructs
 Observed Variables
 Phonological Awareness
 Elision
 Blending into words
 Rapid Naming/ Eye-movement
 Digit rapid naming
 Letter rapid naming
 Eye-movement-vertical
 Eye-movement-horizontal
 Orthographic Skills
 Reversal



 Visual Processing Skills
 Visual Discrimination
 Visual Memory
 Visual Closure
 Reading Fluency
 Reading Fluency I
 Reading Fluency II
 X2 (45) =78.160
 NFI= .954
 NNFI= .970
 CFI= .980
 SRMR= .050
 RMSEA= .057
 90% Confidence Interval of
 RMSEA
 : (.033- ,079)


 Based on all the goodness of fit indices, this measurement model fit the data well.

The results of the confirmatory factor analysis are presented in Table 4-10. The italicized

numbers represent the t-value. If the t-value is greater than 1.96 with .05 level, it means

that the observable variable is statistically significant for this model. All of the t-values


on latent variables are greater than 1.96 in Table 4-10.