Pacific Islanders. Forty six percent were second graders, and 54% were third graders.

Their ages ranged between 7 and 10 with the majority being 8 or 9.

Measures

 The early elementary students who participated in this study completed twelve

assessments with the instruments. Table 3-5 presents all the variables that were examined

in the study. In addition, descriptions of the test instruments are presented in detail in the

next section.

Table 3-5. Test Variables


 Latent Variable:
 Factor
Phonological
Awareness

Rapid- Naming


Independent
Variable


Orthographic and Eye
Movement Skills


Visual Processing
Skills


Observed Variable (Test Instrument)

 1. Phoneme elision (CTOPP)
 2. Blending phonemes into words
 (CTOPP)
 1. A serial naming of digits
 (CTOPP)
 2. A serial naming of letters
 (CTOPP)

 1. Orthographic (J L- RRT)
 2. Eye movement (DEM)-Vertical
 3. Eye movement (DEM)-
 Horizontal
 1. Visual Discrimination (TVPS)
 2. Visual Memory(TVPS)
 3. Visual Closure(TVPS)


Dependent Variable


Reading Fluency


1. Oral Reading Fluency I
 (DIBELS)
2. Oral Reading Fluency II
 (DIBELS)


Abbreviations:
Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS); CTOPP: Comprehensive
Test of Phonological Processing, J L- RRT: Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test; DEM:
Developmental Eye Movements Test; TVPS:NM-R: Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills
(non-motor)-Revised.


Variable