4-1i. Model of E. coli F 1Fo ATP synthase ................. ...............144...........

4-2. Oligonucleotides for cysteine mutagenesis of the unc operon .............. .... ........._...150

4-3. Expression plasmid of cysteine mutants ................. ...............155........... ..

4-4. Western blot analysis of cysteine mutant b subunits of differing length................. 158

4-5. Model of F1Fo ATP synthase with cysteine substitutions in the b and 6 subunits ..159

5-1 Amino acid sequence and domains of the E. coli b subunit ................. ........_._.....162

5-2. Oligonucleotides for mutagenesis at the amino and carboxyl termini in the unc
 operon ................ ...............167.............

5-3. ATP-driven energization of membrane vesicles prepared from b subunit
 membrane domain mutants .............. ...............172....

5-4. Amino acid insertion and deletion analysis of the E. coli b subunit ................... ..... 174

5-5. Mutations constructed throughout the b subunit ........._._. ......___ ................177

6-1. Design of FRET experiments to measure the peripheral stalk ..........._..._ ...............193

6-2. Model of rotation inhibition due to a fusion protein on the a subunit ................... .. 195

6-3. Sequence alignments of subunits b and b from various species with the b
 subunit of E coli .............. ...............200....

B-1. Diagram of purification procedures for homogeneous heterodimeric bvs/bhis
 F1Fo ATP synthase complexes .............. ...............208....