training opportunities and employment were also listed by respondents. However, my

findings suggest that the most important achievement of the carpentries, as perceived by

the Ashaninkas interviewed, was the provision of furniture for individual households.

Even villagers who had not received any furniture or other household carpentry benefit

stated that the provision of furniture for households was the most important benefit from

the carpentry. These respondents recognized the substantial benefits received by other

households and many indicated that they expected to receive such benefits in the future.

 In the cases that the carpentry could not provide enough finished furniture for

households, some villagers in Boca Camantavishi and Yoyato produced rustic furniture

using carpentry by-products and borrowed tools. This innovation of resource use

provided significant household benefits not anticipated in the original project design.

Cost and Benefit Distribution

 Kendall's measure of association indicated that in all three villages, the carpentry

benefits received at the household level were more concentrated in the wealthiest

households, those with larger agricultural plots for market (AUC for market) and/or those

with greater accumulated wealth (MI score). This wealth association was evident

regardless of whether the village was more or less traditionally oriented. However,

perhaps, how that wealth was utilized to access the benefits varied between villages, and

was related to whether the village was more traditionally oriented or more market

oriented.

 Tinkareni is the most traditional and least market oriented village; it is located the

furthest from the Ene River and its residents had fortified their traditional forest

knowledge and cultural traditions during the 16-month period in the early 1990s when

they were forced to live nomadically without permanent agricultural plots. Household