borrowed tools from the carpentry, left-over or used timber, and recycled nails. In these

products, no lacquer, sandpaper or other finishing was used, and household members and

relatives make this rustic furniture instead of the carpentry operators. Rustic products are

considered secondary benefits for households because of their lower quality and because

they do not require specialized labor to manufacture.

 Households that had not yet received any product from the carpentry at the time of

the questionnaires were classified into a no benefits category, and were assigned a value

of zero. Households that have received at least one piece of finished furniture were

assigned a value of two. The households that made some rustic furniture with carpentry

by-products, but received no finished products, were assigned a value of one. At the

village level, benefits were categorized post hoc into direct (i.e. construction and

improvement of communal buildings) and indirect (i.e. training opportunities) benefits.

 Six different variables were developed to assess whether carpentry benefit

distribution depended on: 1) current level of household market integration, 2) household

market integration accumulated over time, 3) level of formal education, 4) the political

position held in the village, 5) the kinship relations with the leader and/or the operator,

and 6) the contributions provided to the carpentry operation a costs variable. Kendall's

measure of association test was used to assess the association between the benefits

received at the household level and the six variables.

 An area under cultivation (AUC) for market variable was developed to measure

the extent of agricultural production that each household dedicated to the external market.

The AUC for market is intended to be an indicator of the current level of market

integration of households.