households consciously self select the extent to which they embrace an outside culture,

and the amount of integration to market they wish to achieve. In the studied Ashaninka

villages, perhaps those households most integrated in the market have made a deliberate

decision to draw upon both inside and outside cultures in a conscious effort to have a

wider range of adaptive options from a broader base of cultural capital (Begosi 1998),

while the households least integrated to market decided to rely on their traditional

knowledge and subsistence production. Another factor that partially explains the

dichotomous market integration trend is the number of widows that were heads of

households, particularly in Boca Camantavishi. In this village, widowed heads of

households were fairly numerous (three out of eleven households interviewed) because of

the social violence this particular group of people had experienced in their recent past.

Labor Scarcity

 Another possible reason for differences in market integration between households

is availability of labor. For the communities studied, the option to become more

integrated to the market is increasing. An ethnographic linear programming model was

developed to explore what resources might be most limiting in those households choosing

greater market integration. The ethnographic linear programming model employed in this

study incorporated these distance-to-market differences to predict the effect of different

conditions of the livelihood system at the household level. Considering the general trend

of villages to increasingly become more involved in the market economy, the model

described the effect of distance to market in a household highly integrated to the market.

To predict responses of households with different levels of market integration, as most of

the households in this study, a variable to link trends in market integration should be

developed and adapted to the model.