Game is basically for subsistence, but in some cases live animals such as turtles, birds or

monkeys are sold.

 Fishing techniques vary depending on the season. In the rainy season, when the

rivers increase in volume and muddiness, fishing with casting nets is carried out. In the

dry season, fishing with line and hook, as well as collective fishing techniques are

practiced. Fishing with a casting net, and with line and hook are exclusively carried out

by men while collective fishing techniques are carried out by both men and women.

 Gathering of products such as edible beetle larvae or palm leaves is carried out year

round, while other products are dependent on season. Wild fruits, mushrooms and shrimp

are gathered in the rainy season, and wasp larvae are gathered in the dry season. Both

males and females participate in the gathering of forest products.

 Handicrafts for sale are processed in the household on rainy days when other

productive activities cannot be carried out. Women make cotton handicrafts and baskets.

Men make bows and arrows, as well as traditional crowns. Raw materials for these

handicrafts such as cotton (Gossipum sp.) are cultivated, while others are gathered in the

forest, such as chonta palm (Iriartea deltoidea).

 The most important products for sale are sesame and cacao, but also poultry,

achiote, rice and handicrafts are sold. The male is in charge of selling the products to

middlemen who come to the communities to buy and sell products year round.

 In addition to the relation with the external market, Ashaninka households rely on

internal trade within the community. Reciprocal exchange is a traditional activity

commonly observed in the studied villages, particularly between relatives. One informant