until 1996 when they settled in the left margin of Cutivireni river, roughly two hours

upstream. Since 2002 this group started resettling their original homeland in the Boca

Camantavishi area. Currently, Boca Camantavishi has a population of 260 inhabitants in

48 households.

 Tinkareni people had to escape to the mountains when terrorists tried to kidnap

them in January 1990 (Gagnon et al. 1993). These people lived as nomads in the forest

for 16 months until they joined the anti-terrorist headquarter at Misi6n Cutivireni

(Rodriguez 1993, Espinosa 1994).They stayed as refugees at Misi6n Cutivireni until

1996, when they returned to their original homeland in the Tinkareni area. In contrast to

the people from Boca Camantavishi and Yoyato, who were affected by the external

cultural influence while living with Shining Path members, the people from Tinkareni

strengthened their traditional knowledge of the forest in order to survive with no

permanent agricultural plots. Currently, Tinkareni has a population of 235 inhabitants in

45 households.

 Study Objectives

 The purpose of this study is to examine market integration of three Ashaninka

communities and how this related to their livelihood system. The Ashaninka communities

of Camantavishi, Cutivireni and Quempiri have been selected for this research since they

are located at different distances to the market, and offer the opportunity to study

traditional indigenous groups that have been in contact with different levels of market

integration for more than two decades.

 Specific objectives of this research are as follows:

 To describe and analyze the current livelihood system of three Ashaninka

indigenous communities in terms of their goals, activities and resources.