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 In general, formal, long-term programs directed at students have the greatest effect

in changing attitudes and behaviors. Studies of outreach programs targeting adults are

few, but the ones that do exist show that behaviors and attitudes can be changed in

regards to a particular species, especially when the programs are more structured and

multifaceted in nature.

 Experiential Education Programs

 Studies of experiential education have demonstrated the power of direct

experiences in developing greater understanding and awareness of environmental issues.

Experiential education can make important contributions in the development of

environmental concern and individual actions that results in pro-conservation behaviors

(Ewert, 1996). "Natural" contact with nature seems to reinforce environmental education

and increase empathy for the conservation of species in the wild (Miles, 1986). Through

direct experience with the natural world we can develop a better understanding of

wildlife and their needs, and become more committed to their conservation.

 Siemer and Knuth (2001) studied the effects of an experiential fishing and aquatic

stewardship program, versus the effects of non-experiential fishing and aquatic

stewardship program on teenagers. The experience-based program resulted in higher

levels of knowledge of fishing, aquatic environments, ecological concepts and aquatic

habitat protection. In addition, youth that were involved in the experiential program

placed more importance on visiting wetlands, thinking about how personal actions affect

aquatic plants and animals, and limiting the impact on the environment while fishing.

 Knapp and Poff (2001) measured the differences in physical, experiential

interpretative programs versus passive interpretative programs. He found that physical