with a specific subscale of the MAYSI-2. The subscales included three mood-related

measures and one measure related to substance use. These were the four subscales used:

1. Depressed-anxious mood (8 items)-experiences of a mixture of depressed and
 anxious feelings.

2. Somatic complaints due to anxiety (6 items)-experiences of bodily symptoms
 associated with anxiety.

3. Angry-irritable mood (9 items)-experiences of frustration, anger, and
 irritability.

4. Alcohol and other drug use (8 items)-patterns of use of alcohol or drugs
 (Grisso & Barnum, 2000).

Ethnic Identity

 Ethnic identity can be viewed as a "general phenomenon" that is relevant to all

ethnic groups. Different ethnic groups can have various belief systems, cultural practices,

even languages. However, it is the group identity or the "sense of identification with, or

belonging to, one's own (ethnic) group" that applies to all groups (Phinney, 1992, p.

158). This construct includes exploration/search and affirmation/belonging (Roberts et

al., 1999). The exploration factor is the "developmental and cognitive component" (J. S.

Phinney, personal communication, November 13, 2001). It includes searching for

information related to one's ethnicity and participation and involvement in ethnic and

cultural activities (Roberts et al., 1999). The affirmation and belonging factors are the

"affective components," (J. S. Phinney, personal communication, November 13, 2001).

This includes ethnic pride, a positive feeling about one's group, and a commitment to

that group. It also includes a feeling of belonging and attachment to one's ethnic group

(Roberts et al., 1999).