CHAPTER 2
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 There are three purposes to this chapter. The first is to present information about

the following four eating disorders described in the DSM-IV: anorexia nervosa, bulimia

nervosa, binge eating disorder, and eating disorders not otherwise specified. The second

purpose is to describe three popular eating disorder measures: The Eating Attitudes Test

(Garner & Garfinkle, 1979), the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (Garner, 1991; Garner,

Olmstead, & Polivy, 1983), and The Bulimia Test-Revised (Smith & Thelen, 1984;

Thelen, Farmer, Wonderlich, & Smith (1991). The third purpose is to provide a review of

the literature pertaining to three popular explanations linking athletes and eating

disorders. The first explanation states that intra-individual characteristics can lead to

eating disorders, the second proposes that an athlete's social influences can lead to eating

disorders, and the third explanation proposes that participation in certain sports can lead

to disordered eating (Hausenblas & Carron, 1999).

 Eating Disorders Defined

Anorexia Nervosa

 There are four criteria that must be present for a clinical diagnosis of anorexia

nervosa (APA, 1994). First, there is a refusal to maintain body weight at or above a

minimally normal weight (e.g., less than 85% of normal weight) for age and height.

Second, there is an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though

underweight. Third, there is body-image disturbance. Body image is a person's attitude

towards his or her body, and it has cognitive, behavioral, perceptual, affective, and