TABLE OF CONTENTS
 page

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S ......... ................................................................................... iii

LIST OF TABLES .......... .... ................... ........ .......... .........vi

L IST O F FIG U R E S .... ....... ...................... ........................ .... ...... .. ............. vii

ABSTRACT ........ .............. ............. ..... .......... .......... ix

CHAPTER

1 IN TR O D U C TIO N ......................................................................... .... .. ........

2 LITER A TU R E R EV IEW ............................................................... ...................... 3

 2.1 History of Electroluminescence.................................................... 3
 2.2 ACTFEL Device Structure ..................... .................................
 2.2.1 M onochrome Structure................................ ........ ................ ... 4
 2.2.2 Full-color Structure .......................... ...... ................ .......... ............ .. .5
 2 .3 D evice P hy sics................................................ 8
 2 .3.1 T unnel E m mission ..... ..................................................... .. ............ .. ..
 2.3.2 Electron A acceleration ............................... .. ....................................12
 2.3.3 Im pact Excitation and Ionization....................................... ............... 13
 2.3.4 R adiative R ecom bination ........................................ ........................ 14
 2.4 D vice C haracterization................................................. ............................. 14
 2.4.1 Charge-Voltage (Q-V) Diagram........ ................... ..................... 15
 2.4.2 Brightness-Voltage (B-V) Curve ....................................................15
 2.5 M material R equirem ents.................................................. .............................. 18
 2.5.1 Substrates ..................................................................................... ............... 18
 2 .5 .2 E le ctro d e s .............................................................................................. 2 0
 2 .5 .3 In su lato rs ..............................................................2 0
 2 .5.4 P hosphor ................................................................................. ........... 24
 2.5.4.1 H ost M materials ................. ................................24
 2.5.4.2 Lum inescent Centers ............................................. .......... 25
 2.6 ZnS:ReF3 as ACTFEL Phosphor ....................... ............................. 26
 2 .6 .1 Z n S ................... ................................................................. ... 2 6
 2 .6 .2 R are-E arth Ion s........................................... ...........................................2 9
 2.6.3 C harge C om pensation ........................................... ........................... 30