religious beliefs (fundamental, moderate or liberal)5. Political ideology was measured using a seven-point scale in which respondents were asked to indicate where they "fall" in their political beliefs (1 being extremely liberal and 7 being extremely conservative). Finally, educational attainment was measured by asking respondents what was the highest grade completed. Responses could vary from 0 (no formal schooling) to 20 (a doctoral degree or greater than four years of schooling beyond a bachelors degree). As discussed, research has identified that older individuals, and individuals with less education display more homonegativity. Furthermore, individuals who identify as politically conservative or religiously fundamental also have a tendency to display more homonegative affect.

      Univariate, Bivariate, and Ordinary Least Squares multivariate analysis were used to see how gender role attitudes, gender and race confound to explain homonegative affect. All models will take into consideration the year the data were collected, which were coded into a series of dummy variables. For modeling purposes, data from the year 1998 were excluded as this year represented the reference category. As discussed, homonegative attitudes have been in flux over the course of the last quarter century. Consistent consideration for the year of data collection will help better show the effects of independent variables net of year.

      Model building will consider the effects of all variables discussed simultaneously

(Model 2, Table 4-6), the impact of gender role ideologies alone (Model 1), the impact of



5 In the assessment of both scales and all independent variables, non-response to any one of the questions constituted exclusion from the sample. In the end, 6133 individuals remained. See also, comment 2. Fundamentalism was coded 1 through 3 with higher values corresponding to liberal orientation.