5. two diameters were measured if their shape was elliptical



                                                        A
           Control Section
                                                              Perioendosteal
                                                              (compression-tension)


                                                        V



                                                            Proximodistal or (hole type)
                                Drilled section


                          Foramen section
                                                     Mediolateral or (proximity
                                                     to the hole)

Figure 2-14: Three sections quantified for compositional and microcrack parameters.

                                Damage Parameters

       One group [48] defined micro cracks damage in three sizes: microcracks,

mesocracks and macrocracks. Microcracks are smaller than 50 rm, mesocracks are between 50 pm and 200 rm, and macrocracks are larger than 200 rm. The same group noted that the magnification used to observed or quantify damage is a defining factor, because the origin of the damage could be as small as 3 pm long cracks. Before settling on a method for quantifying cracks, the bone sections are observed and different types of microcracks were inspected, and a protocol was prepared that included the relevant and repeating damage characteristics.

       In the six sections observed, there were five types of repeatedly, identifiable cracks. These were bundles of microcracks (BM), black wispy mesocracks (BWM), diffused stained mesocracks (DSM), intra-osteonal microcracks (IOM), and cracks along