but not the shape or orientation of cells in comparison to the texture.[1ll By SEM, they

conclude qualitatively that there is more alignment on the 2 tim wide features, than on the

5 tm and 10 tm substrates. Other studies in this review seem to disagree with the their

conclusion that fibroblasts do not align to wider features, but the fact that their groove

depth was less than 1 .im seems to be a limiting factor. Walboomers et al. examined

fibroblasts[35] and rat bone marrow (RBM) cells[18, 36] on polystyrene (PS) and PLA

textured radio-frequency glow discharge (RFGD) plasma treated surfaces with ridges and

grooves with dimensions varying from 1 [tm to 10 [tm wide and depths of 0.5-1.5 [im.

These studies, along with another study they published demonstrated the importance of

the ridge depth in that at deeper depths (up to 5.4 itm), the cells were more aligned, but

not as many cells grew on the surface, even with the increase in surface area.1351 They

also showed similar results in examining alignment of intracellular and extracellular

proteins, but found that the addition of the ridges and grooves did not alter proliferation

of cells on the surface at all.112' 37-39] Their group also took their textured samples from in

vitro use to in vivo by implanting RFGD treated disks of textured and untextured

silicones subcutaneously in rabbits and guinea pigs, and PS disks in goats. Their results

were mainly inconclusive, but they noticed with the silicone substrates an increase

vascularization of the capsules surrounding the textured surfaces compared to the

untextured surfaces.[40-42]

 Typically, the more wettable the surface is, the more cell proliferation occurs. A

study by Walboomers and Jansen et al. using rat dermal fibroblasts (RDF) on PS, PLA,

silicone, and titanium coated PS substrates also show that the microtextures influence cell

guidance, while surface chemistry influences morphology.[151 This study is of particular