comes form the ancient Assyrio-Babylonian and Hebrew civilizations.

This concept somehow became part of the Christian ethic and is "the

fundamental significance of the word 'pain' in English, derived from the

Latin word poena meaning punishment" (Procacci & Maresca, 1984, p. 4).

 The ancient Greeks believed that pain was associated with pleasure

(Maresky, 1980; Procacci & Maresca, 1984) since the removal of pain was

pleasurable and also that pain was "an emotional experience rather than

merely a disturbance located in the body" (Maresky, 1980). This view

apparently prevailed until the 11th century. Aristotle believed that

the heart was the location of the soul and also the center of sensory

processes. Not until the fourth century B. C. did successors of

Aristotle provide anatomic evidence that the brain was part of the

nervous system.

 The Roman writers considered pain "in relation to the phenomenon

of inflammation." Galen brought Greek and Egyptian teaching to Rome in

the second century. His own work included a description of the nervous

system and the concept that "the center of sensibility was the brain"

(Procacci & Maresca, 1984 p. 4). Nevertheless, Aristotle's idea that

pain was a "passion of the soul" that was felt in the heart remained

until the 19th century.

 During the Renaissance, the ideas of Aristotle were scrutinized but

none the less they survived. The opposing theories, such as those of

Descartes, did not make their way into the medical textbooks of the

time. In the first half of the 19th century, German scientists demon-

strated that the brain was involved in sensory and motor activity. By

the end of the 19th century the Aristotelian view was no longer popular,