history is the primitive concept that the origin of pain is purely

external. Mereskey (1980) suggested that as far as we have come in the

study of pain, "the ideas of Jeremiah and Aristotle still find a place

in thought after more than two millennia" (p. 6). Aristotle declared

pain to be one of the "passions of the soul" and separated it from the

five senses, giving it an identity of its own. Jeremiah gave it an

exogenous origin declaring "from above He sent fire into my bones"

(Lamentations 1, 12-13). Jeremiah would be considered to have believed

in an external locus of control, that is attributing pain to forces

outside the individual, such as fate, bad luck, or evil eye.


 Personality


 Jungian type theory postulates that "much seemingly chance variation

in human behavior is not due to chance; it is in fact the logical result

of a few basic observable differences in mental functioning" (Nyers,

1980, p. 4). Jung asserted that these differences were not gender

specific or related to social class nor were they "mere idiosyncrasies

of character peculiar to individuals" (cited in Campbell, 1976, p. 179).

He believed that the apparent random distribution of type was evidence

that "it cannot be a matter of conscious intention, but must be due to

some unconscious instinctive cause" (cited in Campbell, 1976, p. 180).

Jung's types are meant to be descriptive of normal behavior essentially

free of psychopathology. Differences lie in how people perceive the

world and how they judge what they perceive. The way people use these

functions, perception (P) and judgment (J), is related to their