length; premaxillary toothpad interrupted; secondary
branches on medial mandibular barbel present; occipito-
nuchal shield not covered with skin; granular papillae
present on skin of body; humeral-process length 172.9-
255.4% of humeral process width; maximum TL 585
mm.
 The presence of an axillary pore distinguishes
 Synodontis tanganaicae from S. ilebrevis, S. irsacae,
 S. lucipinnis, S. melanostictus, and S. polli.
 Synodontis tanganaicae differs from S. granulosus
 in humeral process shape (humeral-process length 172.9-
 255.4% of humeral process width in S. tanganaicae
 vs. 253.8-437.2% in S. granulosus) (Figs. 3A, 4C, D).
 The lack of both large spots and skin covering the
 occipito-nuchal process separates S. tanganaicae from
 S. grandiops, S. ilebrevis, S. lucipinnis, S.
 multipunctatus, S. petricola, and S. polli. Adult speci-
 mens of S. tanganaicae are further distinguished from
 the other Tanganyikan endemics by the lack of black
 triangles on the rayed fins.
 Synodontis tanganaicae most closely resembles
S. melanostictus and S. dhonti. Synodontis
tanganaicae differs from S. melanostictus in the num-
ber of mandibular teeth (33-49 in S. tanganaicae vs.
23-36 in S. melanostictus), eye size (16.0-26.9% of snout
length in S. tanganaicae vs. 31.5-38.1% in S.
melanostictus), the granular papillae on the skin (vs.
villous in S. melanostictus), and differences in humeral
process shape (Fig. 4). The higher mandibular tooth
count (33-49 vs. 22 in S. dhonti), well-developed adi-
pose fin (vs. poorly developed in S. dhonti), and inter-
rupted premaxillary toothpad separate S. tanganaicae
from S. dhonti.
 Description. Morphometric and meristic data in
Table 13. Maximum TL 585 mm, SL490 mm. Body not
compressed. Predorsal profile straight. Preanal profile
convex. Skin on body forming numerous vertical folds;
covered with papillae, which do not extend onto fins.
 Head depressed and broad, skin covered with
granular papillae. Snout with blunt margin when viewed
laterally; broadly rounded margin when viewed dorsally.
Occipito-nuchal shield rugose, not covered with skin;
terminating posteriorly with narrow, bluntly pointed pro-
cess on either side of dorsal spine; ventrally with wide,
rounded process that extends to upper margin of hu-
meral process on either side of body. Eyes dorsolateral;
ovoid; horizontal axis longer. Interorbital area flat.
 Mouth inferior; lips wide and papillate. Mandibu-
lar teeth 33-49, short, unicuspid; arranged in single trans-
verse row. Premaxillary toothpad interrupted; primary,
secondary and tertiary premaxillary teeth discrete; nu-
merous; arranged in irregular rows.


BULLETIN FLORIDA MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 46(4)

 Maxillary barbel with well developed basal mem-
 brane; lacking branches or crenelations; extending at
 least to base of pectoral fin. Lateral mandibular barbel
 extending to point just short of anterior margin of pecto-
 ral girdle, with 4-7 non-tuberculate branches; lacking
 secondary branches. Medial mandibular barbel about
 1/3 length of lateral barbel; with 4-6 pairs of non-tuber-
 culate branches; secondary branches present.
 Dorsal fin 11,7-8; posterior margin straight. Dor-
 sal-fin spine long, granulous, nearly straight, terminating
 in short, dark filament; anterior margin of fin spine
 granulous; posterior margin with small serrations dis-
 tally. Pectoral fin 1,8-9; posterior margin nearly straight.
 Pectoral-fin spine roughly equal in length to dorsal-fin
 spine, striated, slightly curved, terminating in short, dark
 filament; anterior spine margin granulate; posterior mar-
 gin with large retrorse serrations along entire length.
 Adipose fin long, well developed, margin convex. Pel-
 vic fin i,6; located at vertical through posterior base of
 dorsal fin; tip of appressed fin does not reach base of
 anal fin. Anal fin iii-v,7-9; posterior margin broadly
 rounded; base located ventral to adipose fin. Caudal fin
 i,7,8,i; forked; lobes slightly rounded.
 Humeral process triangular, granulous; ridge on
 ventral margin absent; dorsal margin concave; termi-
 nating in blunt point (Figs. 4C, 4D). Axillary pore ab-
 sent.
 Coloration in alcohol. Dorsum gray to reddish
 brown (Figs. 29, 30). Belly lighter in color. Scattered,
 small black spots present on entire body. Maxillary and
 mandibular barbels white, bases sometimes with scat-
 tered dusky pigmentation. Iris copper colored. Dorsal
 and pectoral-fin spines dark, terminating in short, dusky
 filaments. All rayed fins with small, dark spots similar to
 those on body. Juvenile specimens with black triangles
 at bases of rayed fins.
 Distribution. Lake Tanganyika (Fig. 31); fairly
 common.
 Habitat. Littoral to benthic zones over shell, sand
 and mud bottoms, to a maximum depth of 130 m (Coulter
 1991a).
 Diet. Gastropods, lamellibranchs, insect larvae,
 ostracods, and shrimps (Poll 1953; Coulter 1991 a).
 Reproduction. No information exists regarding
 the reproduction of Synodontis tanganaicae.
 Taxonomic Remarks. Synodontis serratus
 tanganaicae Borodin, previously considered a subspe-
 cies of S. serratus Riippell, was elevated to species
 status by De Vos and Thys van den Audenaerde (1998),
 who also placed S. lacustricolus Poll in the synonymy
 of S. tanganaicae. Our examination of the material
 available has yielded no significant morphometric or