obtained through the aquarium trade and had not been
feeding on their natural diet. Though these specimens
readily ingested algal matter, their short gut and lack of
a hindgut chamber suggest that this species is suited to a
more carnivorous diet. Examination of the stomach con-
tents of freshly caught specimens is needed to deter-
mine differences in diet between this species and
Synodontis polli, which may have led to differences in
the gut morphology of these species.
 Reproduction. No information exists regarding
the reproduction of Synodontis ilebrevis.
 Etymology. The specific name is a combination
of the Latin ile, meaning intestine, and the Latin brevis,
meaning short, a reference to the relatively short gut of
this species. Gender: feminine.

 Synodontis irsacae Matthes, 1959
 (Figs. 5B, 17, 18; Tables 2, 7)

Synodontis irsacae Matthes, 1959:78, description, Lake
 Tanganyika; 1962:37, placed into synonymy of S.
 dhonti.
Synodontis dhonti. Matthes, 1962:37, fig. a, pl. 3,
 description, diet, Lake Tanganyika. Poll, 1971:364,
 description. Brichard, 1978:423, key; 1989:479, key.
 Sands, 1983:23, checklist. Daget, Gosse, & Thys
 van den Audenaerde, 1986:125, check-list. Burgess,
 1989:195, checklist. Kobayagawa, 1989:14, photo
 (misidentified). Coulter, 1991 a: 182, 191, table 8.16,
 habitat, diet, reproduction.
 Material Examined. Holotype, MRAC 130315,
TL 142 mm, SL 116 mm, Kalundu, N. Lake Tanganyika,
coll. H. Matthes, 27.X.1959, (6) paratypes, MRAC
130316-321, TL 55-156 mm, SL 46-124 mm, Kalundu,
N. Lake Tanganyika, coll. H. Matthes, 14.IV.1960, (6)
MRAC 130332-130337, TL 47-102 mm, SL 38-84 mm,
Luhanga, Lake Tanganyika, coll. H. Matthes
(I.R.S.A.C.), IV.1959, (1) MRAC 77-40-P-5-7, TL 99
mm, SL 80 mm, Chipimbi, S.W. Coast of Lake Tanganyika
(Zambia), coll. P. Brichard, 6.VII. 1977, (2) MRAC 92-
081 -P-0127-0128, TL 83-105 mm, SL 69-85 mm, Ulwile
Island, northern shore, Lake Tanganyika S727.40'
E30024.20' (Tanzania), coll. Exp. Tanganyika 1992,
27.V. 1992, (2) MRAC 95-096-P-2561-2562, TL 88-107
mm, SL 71-85 mm, Kasenga Point, Zambia, 0843.31 'S,
31008.01'E, coll. Verheyen, Snoeks, Hanssens, Ruber,
Stermbauer, 4.IV. 1995, (4) MRAC A3-033-P-0036-0040,
TL 117-161mm, SL 91-133 mm, Pemba, S. of Uvira,
Lake Tanganyika (Zaire), coll. L. De Vos, 18.VIII. 1995,
(1) MRAC Al-094-P-0055-0059, TL 103 mm, SL 81
mm, Katoto, Lake Tanganyika (Zambia), coll. Snoeks,
Hanssens, Verheyen et al., 18.X.2001, (1) BMNH


BULLETIN FLORIDA MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 46(4)

 1955.12.20.1859, TL 190 mm, SL 157 mm, Albertville,
 Lulumduie village, Lake Tanganyika, coll. Inst. Roy. Sci.
 Nat. Beige, 28-29.XI. 1946, (1) BMNH 2005.9.26.3, TL
 90 mm, SL 72 mm, Mpulungu, Zambia, Lake Tanganyika,
 coll. J. Day, 2005, (1) BMNH 2005.9.26.17, TL 116 mm,
 SL 94 mm, Mpulungu, Zambia, Lake Tanganyika, coll.
 J. Day, 2005, (5) SAIAB 40177, TL 86-121 mm, SL70-
 97 mm, Zambia, Lake Tanganyika, Mbita Island,
 08045'00"S, 031006'00"E, 08.VIII.1992, (2) SAIAB
 56687, TL 94-97 mm, SL 75-79 mm, Tanzania, Lake
 Tanganyika; Muzungu beach, 04054'53"S, 029035'58"E,
 10.X. 1997, (2) SAIAB 76105, TL 93-98 mm, SL 76-80
 mm, Zambia, Mbala, Lake Tanganyika; Mbita Island
 (northwest end), 08'45.18'S, 31 '05.07'E, coll. 29.11.2004,
 (1) SAIAB 76174, TL 97 mm, SL 79 mm, Zambia, Mbala,
 Lake Tanganyika; Musende Rocks beach, 0845.18'S,
 31005.07'E, coll. 29.II.2004, (1) SAIAB 77883, TL 133
 mm, SL 108 mm, Cave, Kigoma hotel below Hill top,
 04o53'03"S, 029037' 11"E, 04.X. 1997, (1) SAIAB 77892,
 TL 91 mm, TL 72 mm, Tanzania; Jacobsen's Beach,
 0454'31"S, 02936'02"E, 05.X.1997, (2) UF 160940,
 TL 104-124 mm, SL 86-102 mm, Cape Chaitika, Lake
 Tanganyika, Zambia, via Pete Hauschner, Tropical Fish
 Collector, V.2005, (2) CU 88750, TL 102-121 mm, SL
 85-102 mm, Tanzania; Kigoma; Jacobsen's Beach, coll.
 P.B. McIntyre, 18.VII.2002.
 Diagnosis. -Axillary pore absent; mandibular teeth
 15-29; body with large spots; fin spines dark; 8-9 pecto-
 ral-fin rays; black triangles at bases of all rayed fins;
 eye 28.7-43.7% snout length; premaxillary toothpad in-
 terrupted; secondary branches on medial mandibular
 barbel present; occipito-nuchal shield covered with skin;
 skin of body smooth; hindgut chamber absent; maximum
 TL 190 mm.
 The absence of an axillary pore distinguishes
 Synodontis irsacae from S. dhonti, S. grandiops, S.
 granulosus, S. multipunctatus, S. petricola, and S.
 tanganaicae. Synodontis irsacae can be further sepa-
 rated from S. dhonti, S. grandiops, S. granulosus, and
 S. multipunctatus by the interrupted premaxillary
 toothpad (vs. uninterrupted). The presence of second-
 ary branches on the medial mandibular barbel further
 distinguishes S. irsacae from S. grandiops, S.
 granulosus, and S. multipunctatus. Synodontis
 irsacae differs further from S. dhonti, S. granulosus,
 S. melanostictus, and S. tanganaicae in having an
 occipito-nuchal process which is covered by skin.
 Synodontis irsacae can be distinguished from S.
 ilebrevis, S. lucipinnis, S. polli, and further separated
 from S. petricola, by having a lower number of man-
 dibular teeth (15-29 in S. irsacae vs. 50-66 in S. ilebrevis,
 35-51 in S. lucipinnis, 40-70 in S. polli, and 31-50 in S.