12 ELIZABETH DAVIS

into their cheeks, while others came up empty-mouthed. A few might
not come up, but no one was keeping track" (41). The coins in the
boys' mouths suggest that the sustenance that has essentially been
stolen from them by the tourists in the luxury cruise ships has been
replaced by a few coins, and the inequality of this exchange is
highlighted by the fact that some boys emerge "empty-mouthed" and
others drown while chasing after pennies. One man, the son of an
African studies professor, sums up the attitude of the Jamaicans toward
the tourists: "tourism is whorism, bredda" (22).
 Daughters reveals the negative effects of tourism equally clearly.
Ursa's mother Estelle describes the government's tourist colony
scheme not in terms of some imaginary advantages that it will bring to
the people of Morlands, her husband's district and the intended
building site, but in terms of all the genuine improvements that it will
replace: "No experimental farm... No agricultural station. No small
farmer's cooperative such as your father and I talked about for years.
No model village, housing scheme or hospital. No cannery or sisal plant
or any other kind of factory or plant. Instead, Government Lands is to
be a playground for the Fortune 500 and friends." (Marshall 357)
Estelle's tirade echoes Alexander's argument that tourism is most
definitely not a blessing for third world economies and reveals that it
precludes genuine self-sufficiency by funneling land, energy, and funding
away from programs that would benefit the people of Triunion. Ursa
expresses these sentiments more succinctly when she and her friend
Viney encounter a beggar while visiting Triunion: "You never saw that
when I was small, Viney. That's what this government has come up
with by way of progress. That woman, the U.S. Navy and tourists."
(Marshall 107) Ursa's remark clearly links poverty with tourism and
neoimperialism backed, if necessary, by military force.
 Perhaps the most powerful way in which Cliff and Marshall counter
tourist myths is through their depictions of the land itself. Both writers
include lush descriptions of Caribbean nature, particularly beaches,
but they manage to reclaim these spaces as Caribbean spaces to be
used by Caribbean people rather than mere empty places that can be
appropriated by foreigners. As one critic points out, the beach that
Ursa visits with her friend Viney is described in a way that "in many
ways mirrors a travel brochure depiction of the Caribbean, but Marshall
undercuts this easy 'paradise' association by providing in the next
paragraph an emblem of the island's historical past [a monument to
Will Cudjoe and Congo Jane, who led a slave revolt]" (Macpherson 89).
A more significant example of this sort of mirroring and undercutting