transplanting for flowers and vegetables, is now widely used in the commercial production of plants. Integrated pest management is an SM research area vital to horticulture. The weather and climate informa- tion that is essential for integrated pest management is also essential for protection of crops in critical stages from frost and freezing temperatures. Pruning, fruit thinning and training are SM research areas peculiar to horticultural crops, particularly to the fruits and to some vegetables. Research on such topics is predominantly horticultural, with some emphasis in forestry. Growth regulator research in agriculture to date has been confined primarily to fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamentals. Additional growth regulator research has promise not only for horticulture, but also for the major cereal, legume, root and sugar crops (Nickell, 1983). The challenge in horticultural SM research is particu- larly striking because of the large numbers and diversi- ty of commodities and crops with their specific cultural requirements, genetic inheritance patterns, postharvest handling limitations and marketing needs. In no other common agricultural department is technical SM research so diversified. Horticultural production, like crop, livestock and forest production, will be affected by land scarcity, limited water resources, rising energy costs and higher real wage rates. In the next 50 years, fruits and vegetables as intensive crops will compete increasingly with grains for high quality lands, soils and irrigation water. There will be needs for additional labor-saving but energy-sparing technologies (Martin, 1983), both in production and in the agribusinesses that handle horti- cultural crops. Systems research for the production and marketing of horticultural crops and commodities will draw on the expertise of agricultural engineers, economists, food scientists, agronomists and nutrition- ists, as well as horticulturists. Today, the USDA/land- grant system is the only research system adequately equipped to conduct SM research for the many dimen- sions of horticultural production. Forestry Forests occupy one-third (700 million acres) of the land area of the United States. This includes rangelands, as well as forests. For the future, forests can be a self-renewing energy resource, a base for chemical industries, and a source for better and cheaper building materials. The need for wood, especially fiber products, will substantially increase. Forests as a renewable resource have great potential for increased productiv- ity. It has been conservatively estimated that the biological output (net realizable growth) of the commer- cial forest lands of the United States can be more than doubled within a half-century by immediate and wide- spread investments and expenditures on proven silvicultural practices-improved regeneration, tissue culture, species composition, harvesting practices, fer- tilization and weed control-provided social conditions and incentives permit or exist. With the use of tech- nologies yet to be developed and institutions not yet researched, forest output can probably be tripled within the same period. Further, it is widely accepted that with intensive management, our forests and rangelands could probably support three times the present level of grazing. SM research peculiar to forestry includes exploitation of biological science advances for tree improvement through breeding and progeny testing. The opportunities for rapid genetic improvement through tissue culture, accelerated growth programs and container-grown plants are greater than for other segments of agriculture. New hybrids, coupled with the opportunities yet ahead for genetic improvement, offer a continuing challenge for SM research in forestry. Production management- including soils, fertilizer and weed control-as well as accelerated tree growth programs and new designs for containers, is also important. Forest output will be in- creased with improved timber stand management and new technologies for harvesting (involving cutting and removal from forests) and wood processing and use. New product technologies to derive industrial feedstocks from the degradation of lignin and cellulose through micro- biological transformations will become an important forest products research area. Biomass production as an alternative renewable energy source will receive increasing attention, as will forest feedstocks for industrial purposes. Production of forest products for these uses will compete with food pro- duction for use of land and water. Forest economists give attention to the management of both private and public forests. Because forest resources generate important non-monetized recrea- tional, wildlife and scenic values, the economics of forestry production is complex, and research will require close integration between economists and forestry experts. The SM research needed for forestry in the next 50 years will be influenced by increasing pressure on land, rising real wages and energy costs, environmental con- cerns and greater scarcity of opportunities for recrea- tion in "natural areas." Pastures, crops, and urban, recreational and industrial uses will encroach on forestlands. Rising real wages will make labor-saving technology important for forestry, while rising energy costs will place a premium on energy-sparing tech- nologies. Greater support of public research and the regulation and control of both publicly and privately owned forest resources and the generation of new forest technologies will be needed.