fear that if villagers were autonomously to elect contact farmers, they

might be wealthy farmers, not representative of the average. On the

other hand, if there has been no broad discussions in the village about

the selection of the contact farmers, then most farmers may be unaware of

who the contact farmers are, and will not know to ask them for advice.

 The World Bank has utilized this T & V system in Turkey, and in

 different states in India (these projects have a total cost of

 $141.5 million, of which the Bank has loaned $70.7 million), and has

 issued a detailed paper suggesting how to evaluate these projects.

 Benor reports these projects helped increase yields over 50 percent

 from 1.3-1.7 tons to 2-3 tons per hectare.

 It should be mentioned that some writers on extension suggest not

 trying to reach all farmers. In the Latin-American context, one writer suggests

 that extension agents concentrate their efforts on medium-sized farmers.
 The large farmers do not need help, and the small farmers are too numerous

 and weak for the capacities of existing extension services.2 In India,

 specialized agencies have been created for specific target groups, the

 Small Farmer Development Agency (SFDA) and the Marginal Farmers and

 Agricultural Laborers Development Agency (MFALDA). These agencies

 help small farmers and landless laborers establish enterprises that

 need little access to land, such as fruit and vegetable or dairy produc-

 tion, veterinary services, marketing assistance, etc.


 Michael Cernea and Benjamin Tepping, A System for Monitoring
and Evaluating Agricultural Extension Projects (Washington: World Bank,
1977). Details on the Bank loans for these projects are on p. 85.

 2Rene Benalcazar R., "New Techniques, Extension Services ...,
p. 523.