successful extension systems. However, it is clear that the consequences

of extension in China are more related to basic political factors than

to the specific characteristics of the extension system.

C. Potential Problems in Extension Systems

 It is reckless to make generalizations about extension programs,

considering the wide diversity of experiences. Nevertheless, three types

of problems sometimes limit the ability of an extension system to serve

the needs of the rural poor. The first problem is that extension systems

can be directed by an urban-based political system to benefit urban

interests. Secondly, for a variety of reasons, extension agents may work

primarily with the rural elite. Thirdly, extension systems create

their own bureaucracies which can generate their own bureaucratic and

personal interests. These factors mean that the actual results of many

extension systems, regardless of the rhetoric, may be other than helping

the rural poor.

 1. Urban Control. Agricultural extension systems usually are

not controlled by farmers themselves. George Axinn notes that only 13

out of 78 extension systems around the world involve some funding from

farmers or local government. Instead, extension systems are funded and

are controlled entirely by governments, which are often obligated to

give priority to urban political forces. Frequently, they have specific,

narrow goals, production of cash crops, such as cotton, peanuts, cocoa,

coffee, rubber, etc. to obtain foreign exchange for urban luxury consumer



 1George Axinn, "Agricultural Research, Extension Services, and
Field Stations," in International Encyclopedia of Higher Education
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978), p. 243.