and political stability of the colonial system. Thus they showed some

interest in land tenure reforms, credit programs and in infrastructure

projects which would stabilize production and facilitate transport

both of cash crops and famine relief supplies.

 Where there were numerous colonial settlers (Kenya, Algeria), the

extension services involved some farmer participation. Generally, however,

they were closely integrated with the colonial imperatives of taxation

and military/administrative control, and these requirements left little

room for decentralization or participation. Rather, the extension services

in the colonies tended to stress downward communication of information

selected to fit the needs and perceptions of colonial administrators and

to fit foreign markets.

 In the Japanese colonies of Taiwan and Korea, the situation was

generally similar, with a wide range of policies to encourage export crops

(rice, sugar). However, greater efforts were made to establish farmer

participation in local farmer associations, similar to what existed in

Japan.

 After World War Two, as colonies became independent and as the United

States became active in international assistance, there were some changes

in agricultural and rural policies, including extension. Countries saw

their rural needs more broadly. Not only did they want to produce cash

crops; they also wanted broadly based rural development, which would

include cultural, social, political, and economic changes. Hence, exten-

sion work was transformed to "community development" or "animation rural,"

both of which presumed widespread community participation. The village

was imagined to be a harmonious, integrated community, which could develop

holistically. Differences and conflicts between landowners, tenants,