in Library NS = 2 SIGN eo . Se NY = || The Baldwin Se University S|AmB wv oy Florida Sen SS “IK | O82 ONG SSR We e( i o 9 PPD, eZ =f wees A =o cK Se A BOY) 5 . 5 se “3 “ eo OLs/ é URS es Ss eu = =o eege eh seit ‘ WAG NM ES , nine () } A ae ‘a om 2 30. ef Hy On LEMS ED SESS =O) . oye | Mi 2. 2 NG oF ROUND THE WORLD NOTE BOOK AND CAMERA. something New for Young People. It is in line with the great Chatauqua idea— “Learn something when you play.” - Lida Brooks Miller, AUTHOR OF [ie Kinderoarten, « Yound Folks Speaker, —AND— A Score of Others. Handsomely Illustrated enV Photographs Taken on the Journey. PUBLISHED BY THOMPSON & HOOD CHICAGO Copyrighted, 1897, by K. T. BORLAND. PAR ome a Introduction, al) N placing before the public our new book, “Round the World With & | Note Book and Camera,” we are confident it will meet with a hearty WW Z| reception. There hasbeen a long-felt want for a book of this nature. Young people always delight in stories of travel—they can listen by the hour to stories of strange people, new places, brilliant battles, famous parks, delight- ful drives and noted men. The first requisite of good story telling is a pleasing manner; second, a knowledge of the subject; thirdly, the ability to describe what one has seen. Such a one is our gifted authoress, Lida Brooks Miller, who, having spent years as an instructor in the school room and having traversed nearly the entire globe, taking snap shots of every famous scene along the route and learning its history from peasant as well as prince, is well fitted to become a guide and teacher to ur “Round the World Culture Club.” Throughout the work the stories are told with the idea of impressing facts upon the memory in such a way that they will not soon be forgotten. There are novel features and new themes embraced, containing all that is brightest and best in a trip around the world. To read it isthe next best thing to taking the trip itself. That it may give even greater pleasure than was hoped for ee the author in planning the work, is the sincere wish of THE PUBLISHERS. (5) STREET SCENE, LONDON. Index to PAGE Alaskcay cee ey euros tua tenia sonst crs 280 AS Vasitito: la plang tec cnn 6 289 An East Indian Home.............. 292 Amelisicimo sValllagera tr: crates. 200 Andrew Jackson’s Bravery.......... 265 Around the World Culture Club..... 18 A Half Hour With Dickens......... 19 AciknightingArmor.sy sane. cost cclerece 38 A Year in South America........... 41 A Noble Philosopher................ 77 A Little About Vienna.............. 85 PANTING Tiss see sere eeseeerte iaret acer te eee pess 107 Am @ldeRoad se tace oeecs o pec e 168 A Letter From Rome............... 181 Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois ........ 266 A Home in Central Asia...........-- 267 Battle of Marathon................. 170 Business Maxims for Boys.......... 314 Ginastera eet eee cei aes ee, 285 Contents. PAGE Composition Exercises.............. 808 Cordovaraeteene et aie ee eae 121 Dining Hall, Christ Church College, (Opell wet veneer MA SAO EAE 96 DowacthevRhine oes easier 262 Eneland’s'Ruler-2 neve este ss 173 Granada and a Visit to the Alhambra 115 Gibralteriege cs ace saae cen uncre. 205 Greece and its Rulers............... 213 Grim eskeee nse a nacre eee Piso: 111 Independence Hall................. 128 UlOan OF TAT CH Weagi as apart cites etee ote 49 Largest Bridge in the World......... 164 Memorya Gems Ste we eee Oe MOT OCCOR tier tne. c mr etiam eee 62 Museums and Art Galleries.......... 145 MUsICH ne Battle seaec tes ent sees 264 8 s INDEX TO PAGE Old World Watering Places......... AT Queen City of the World............ 103 Street Scenes of Rome............-. 98 Story of North America............. 125 St. Bernard Dogs on the Alps........ 143 St. Sebaldus Church............... 166 Some of the Cities of Switzerland.... 209 Some Masters of Music.............. 274 Sports of Sandwich Islanders........ 294 Swatzerlandie eres. serrrsanesis(ai sc 301 San Carlo Theater, Naples.........: 299 The Art of Letter Writing .......... 311 Most how DOV reieiey sei ee ore eis 316 Things Worth Remembering........ 317 The Lion of Lucerne.............. 15 The World’s Finest Burial Grounds.. 21 The Great Cathedrals of the World... 25 The Battle of Waterloo.........0.. 29 The Catacombs of Rome............- 34 The Story of Africa.............00.. 51 The Cities of Africa. :............... 59 The: Citysot Cairorterrs ccc as srs: 60 Ether StomysOkeAsia. cers acer ee OS Tokio, A Japanese City...........65. 72 ithe: ©itvorC ovlomn renin cn tleccirr eae 15 The Story of Hurope................ 79 The Cities of Europe............... 83 Mies Citysols Venicchrnyses ree et 89 CONTENTS. PAGE Whe: City, of Genoa eens ee etree 91 hei City, ob Parish secs ee eee 92 The Industries of Switzerland....... 95 The “ Bridge of Sighs”............. 100 ithe Stony of Spanier terete 114 The: Citycot Wiashine tone esse asc: 129 TherWallsotiNiaganraeeriar errr 132 The Indians—How They Live........ 135 he: His itn ee haearcssscace pte Se ener ceceee 139 herSlackehorestteni one rer anee 153 The Land of the Vikings............ 160 The Story of the Glacier............ 189 The Story of the Pilgrims—in England 191 The Story of the Pilgrims—in Holland 192 The Story of the Pilgrims—on ocean. 193 The Story of the Pilgrims—at Plym- outh) America cesses oc cece 195 (he; Storyob wearin tin owe ees 199 The Magna Charta................. 201 The Finest Park in the World ....... 203 Mhesslandwol Cortussess see eee 206 The Emperor of Germany at Home .. 271 The People of Holland ............. 219 The Life of George Washington ..... 226 ee Jorn Adams seen ve ee 228 Thomas Jefferson ....... 230 i James Madison ......... 233 i James Monroe.......... 234 John Quincy Adams .... 236 INDEX TO CONTENTS. | 9 PAGE PAGE i The Life of Andrew Jackson ........ 287 The Life of Andrew Johnson........ 2538 ob Martin VanBuren....... 239 | ss Wivyasesmon Granta sas 254 ‘ William Henry Harrison. 240 | sf Rutherford B. Hayes.... 256 ss John Ryle rernrgerrracrenc 242 | if James Abram Garfield... 257 cs James Knox Polk....... 244 | a Chester Alan Arthur .... 258 Zachary Tylor .......... 245 | 3 Grover Cleveland ....... 259 a Millard Fillmore ........ 246 os Benjamin Harrison ..... 260 se Franklin Pierce......... 247 | a William Mclxinley ...... 270 i James Buchanan........ 249 | Virtues that Bring Success.......... 314 i Abraham Lincoln ....... 250 | Zoological Gardens of the World..... 144 HARRY BROWN’S LEGEND _OF THE BLACK FOREST. (See page 154.) CAMPO SANTO: (Described on page 24.) 12 ROUND-THE-WORLD CULTURE CLUB. T Rose Lawn farm, one evening in the early autumn of 189-, the at- mosphere was one of joyous expect- ancy, for papa and mamma Gray had just returned from a trip abroad and all the chil- dren were eagerly awaiting the promised treat of the incidents of the trip, the cities visited, the historic spots seen, the charm- ing scenery about which so much had been heard and the people interviewed. The memory of other trips but added to the zest with which the children awaited the tales in store for them. As they sat around the hearth that evening papa Gray said, “Before we take up the story of this trip, why not lay outa regular program of work? Let us study the geography of the coun- try we talk about, the cities we describe, and study the people of whom we shall talk. I want you to get something besides amuse- ment from my talks and to help you I have brought back beautiful pictures of many interesting sights. How shall we proceed to get the most out of what I shall tell on you! “Let us form ourselves into a club,” said Tom, who was ever ready to add to his store of knowledge. “Yes,” said Florence, whose loving heart always thought of oth- ers, “we can form a club and invite the children of the neighborhood and let them share our good things with us.” “An ex- cellent plan,” said papa, “but what shall we call our club?” Tom’s ruddy face grew sober but Flora’s brown eyes sparkled as she cried, ‘“ Let us call it the ‘Round the World Culture Club,’ for we shall go with papa around the world and shall surely learn much of other countries and other 20 66 people.” “Just the thing,” said mama, and as all agreed the name was selected. While all were discussing the work, a Tom and Flora hastened to meet them and who rap at the door announced visitors. should they be but the very children they needed in order to make their club com- plete. It required but a moment for Tom to explain their plan. “Splendid,” “excel- 99 66 lent,” “how nice,” “jolly” were the cries that greeted Tom’s explanation. “ We must id ROUND THE WORLD CULTURE CLUB. have officers,” said Mary Lee, who, as president of the Junior Endeavor that met every Sabbath at the school house, felt that a club could not be run without its regu- “JT think we shall want but one officer, and that will be the “Grand Chief Story-Teller,” said Harry Brown, one of the assembled group. “That larly elected officials. is papa,” said Tom, and without prelimi- naries Mr. Gray was elected. “A story to-night, papa,” said Florence. “Yes, yes, a story” chorused the children. Mr. Gray smiled and said, “We have not time to enter into any long descriptions and T can tell but little. T hardly know where to begin, but the presence of so many hap- py young faces recalls a visit to Hyde Park, We had spent the morning hours writing letters, London, one afternoon last July. for the day opened dark and rainy. At about noon the sun came out and we went to the park, a picture of which I secured for ygu. This is one of the most popular public resorts of London. Here gather every bright day countless thousands of The park is beautifully laid out and has its women, children and society people. drives for carriages, its ground for tennis and cricket and its playground for the chil- dren. ROTTEN ROW—HYDE PARK, LONDON. THE LION OF LUCERNE. 15 “Our picture shows the main drive where London society gathers for its daily airing. Here you will see elegant carriages of all descriptions, smartly dressed footmen and drivers, handsome, spirited horses and gil- ded harnesses. The carriages of the nobility are emblazoned with their coat of arms, and with the gay dresses of the occupants, make Crowds of people gather here to see the gay turn- the scene one of great splendor. outs go dashing by, some drawn by one horse, others by two horses, either tandem or abreast, some by four horses, and occasion- ally some fat old lord rolls by in a stately Beyond the drive you can see ‘Rotton Row,’ the finest coach drawn by eight horses. of bridle paths and devoted exclusively to horseback riders. The English people are good riders and their horses well trained; but the ‘swells’ cut an amusing figure as they go by with short coats, leggings and high top boots. “At the entrance to the park is the famous monument to Wellington, erected in his honor by the English government. It is a magnificent memorial and every true Eng- lishman points to it with pride. Some evening I will gladly relate to you the his- tory of the Iron Duke, who knew not defeat and who conquered Napoleon at Waterloo. At Hyde Park the most interesting feature How the little ones enjoyed rolling about in the grass, to me was the children at play. chasing one another about and pelting each other with paper balls. Many there are who get their only taste of fresh air and But Come to-mor- sunshine from their afternoons here. this-is enough for to-night. row night all of you, and we will have our first real story.” THE LION OF LUCERNE. ; T Lucerne, Switzerland, there is an attraction more wonderful than balmy climate; more beautiful than _the Rigi Mountains and more charming than the Lake of Lucerne. This attraction calls tourists from all parts of the civilized world andis known as “The Lion of Lu- cerne,” said Mr. John Day, who had just returned from the Alps and who had prom- ised his niece that immediately on his re- turn to America he would make them a visit and contribute something interesting to their “ Round the World Culture Club.” “Don’t all say at once, ‘Well, what is the Lion of Lucerne?’” said Uncle John, “for it takes a little time to explain it.” “Go with me first to France in the year 1792. There was.as you doubtless know, a 16 THE LION OF LUCERNE. volting on the part of the people against the impositions of the King and his Court. The people said, ‘Down with the King! We will rule ourselves.’” “T see by your looks, though,” said Un- cle John, “that you are wondering why the people were dissatisfied, so let us go back a little and notice first the cause of all this dissatisfaction. In the year 1771 Louis XV, King of France, who preceded Louis XVI, was carried away by disease in the midst of a sinful career, and had left the State Treas- ury exhausted, the land burdened with debt, the public credit ruined and the people op- pressed with taxes. “Such were the circumstances when the new King, Louis XVI ascended the throne. The new Louis had a good heart but a weak brain. He wanted to improve the condi- tion of the people but had neither money nor ability. His wife, Marie Antoinette, although a highly cultivated woman and daughter of Marie Theresa, one of the best rulers Austria had ever seen, was extrava- gant and proud and soon became unpopular with the masses. The people throughout France began to feel a longing for freedom and for a Republican government. It was, therefore, unfortunate at this time that the King and courtiers, who lived in a gorgeous palace at Versailles, about ten miles from Paris, should indulge in brilliant fetes and other extravagancies which showed more | and plunder their palaces. plainly than words could tell that bank- ruptcy was close at hand. All this caused the people to think more and more of the folly of permitting the king to govern the people. A spirit was creeping over them which was bound to triumph sooner or later “Things went on in this way until 1789 when the excitable population of Paris be- gan to hold meetings and deliver infle nma- tory speeches in the public parks, in the coffee houses, In wine rooms and every other public place possible. The newspa- pers kept up a continual roar and pamph- lets were published in favor of freedom. “The Court, alarmed at the increased ex- citement, felt that their place was not safe, that greater protection was necessary. The King said, ‘But whom can we trust? The French regiments are for the people. We must send outside for soldiers.” Knowing the bravery, loyalty and honor of the Swiss, they concluded to send to Switzerland for soldiers. Immediately they came, and when the rumor ran through Paris, a general up- rising followed. The people refused to pay their tithes to the church and tolls to the | nobility, and began to burn their castles Even this did not quell the pleasure-loving King, for he held another banquet the extravagance and waste of which had never before been known. Soon busy tongues carried the news to the excited people of Paris, and those suffering THE LION OF LUCERNE. 17 from famine quickly rebelled. Then great _crowds marched to Versailles and compelled sthe King to change his residence to Paris. -Next day he with his family entered Paris under an escort and took up his residence in the ‘Palace of the Tuileries.’ Soon, how- ever, he was suspected of disloyalty to the -people and the situation became dangerous. He made an effort to escape from the coun- try, but had not gone far when he was de- ‘tected and brought back to Paris. “This dissatisfaction increased until one night in the year 1791, then when the city bells rung, an enormous crowd, not only of the rough inhabitants of the suburbs, but galley slaves from all over France, with one grand rush made for the royal palace. It was now defended by only nine hundred Swiss guards, for the National Guards who had up to this time helped defend the pal- ace, became dissatisfied and rapidly dis- persed. The crowd became more violent, cannons were turned upon the castle, men with spikes urged their way into every part of the palace and the crowd demanded the King. The King with his family sought protection in the Hall of Legislature, but had hardly left the palace when the human ae ee = = “LION OF LUCERNE,” AT LUCERNE—SWITZERLAND. 18 THE LION OF LUCERNE. The Swiss guard bravely resisted and tried to billows broke over its defenders. defend the passages, but without regard for human life the raging mob stormed the pal- ace, murdered all within reach, destroyed the furniture and set fire to the castle. You ask here what became of the Swiss guards? I must answer that they were sac- rificed to the rage of the mob. “Now let us leave the French Revolution and return to Lucerne, that beautiful city among the Alps, which contains the won- derful monument to these brave Swiss guards, called the Lion of Lucerne. — “This monument is carved in the living rock on the side of a perpendicular cliff of limestone. It is in shape of a great lion, a broken spear protruding from a mortal wound in his side. His head has fallen on his right paw, which lies on the Bourbon shield, and forces a spear against the up- right arms of Switzerland. Every muscle of the splendid beast is relaxed, yet in his suffering he shows what he endured and This monument of bravery was designed by the that he remained loyal to the last. Danish sculptor, Thorwaldson, in commem- oration of the defense of the French King by the Swiss guards. “At the base of the rock is a little artific- ial lake, and in its center is a fountain throwing water to the height of 20 feet re- flecting the sun’s rays in prismatic colors. Indeed it is beautiful and no one can pass without pausing to worship at the shrine far more glorious than many throughout Europe designed for the unsophisticated and ignorant.” “Tell us about them,” said Amy Daish, who, although a new member of the Club, was greatly pleased with the idea of story- telling. “ Not to-night, my friends. I pre- fer to stop while my reputation is good, but when JI come again I will be prepared to meet you on your own ground. I had no idea you were such good listeners. I ama little like the old Clairvoyant who said, ‘Don’t watch me so closely, it is a trifle embarrassing, and besides, it breaks the spell.’ Your attention made me wonder if You have im- The Club is a good thing and the efforts of its I was sufficiently prepared. proved wonderfully since a year ago. members should produce much good.” A HALF HOUR WITH DICKENS. 19 A HALF HOUR WITH DICKENS. i LL went well with the “Culture Club” until one evening Mr. Gray “The Chief Story-Teller,” was ab- sent. Business had detained him. After waiting a time, Flora said, “ Mama, as papa is not here to-night can you not take his place and tell us of some of the sights you saw?” “Yes,” chimed in the others, “ We have not heard from you yet, now is just the time.” Mrs. Gray hesitated at first, but the anx- ious faces showed how eager they were for information, and she conseted, saying: “ Papa talked of places and of living people, soldiers and statesmen, kings and emporors, so I will tell you of what those who write We can talk of but one writer tonight, who shall it be?” “Charles Dickens,” said Mary Lee, who had just been reading “Old Curiosity our literature do for the world. Shop,” “tell of him and his books.” “Mr, Dickens,” said Mrs. Gray, “ was the OLD CURIOSITY SHOP. 20 A HALF HOUR WITH DICKENS. second of eight children; he was born in 1812 at Landport, England, but his parents soon after moved to Chatam, where he lived A delicate child, he could not take part in boyish sports, and In David Copperfield he says, ‘my father had a few until his tenth year. sought consolation in books. books in a little room up stairs to which I had access and which nobody else ever ‘Tom Jones,’ ‘Robinson Crusoe,’ ‘ Vicar of Wakefield,’ ‘Don Quixote’ and ‘Gil Blas’ came out, a glorious host to keep me com- pany. They kept alive my fancy and my From Chatam There the father was imprisoned for debt, and the fur- hope of something better.’ the parents went to London. piece to keep starvation away. Weakly as he was, young Charles was put to work in less one to the sensitive lad, and his descrip- tion of it is painful ; but ere long the con- dition of the family improved. Then he was sent to school, but unfortunately it was where the boys trained mice much better At fit- teen he was office boy to an attorney, then than the master trained the boys. it was he studied shorthand. Of school he saw little. Indeed he pictures his own boy- hood in ‘ Pickwick Papers’ where he makes Weller, Sr., say to his son Sam, ‘I took a 3 nae | lation and his jolly Mark Tapley. a blacking house at seven shillings per pao So aobtgaataae ge: ; resided in Italy and France, and at- week. This experience was a bitter, hope- | Resi CO ae oucr Tan ce sua aE deal ’o pains with his education, sir,—let him run the streets when he was very young and shift for himself.’ “At nineteen he was the best of the nine- At twenty-two he ventured to drop a story in the letter-box of the Old Monthly Magazine, He said ty reporters in the House of Commons. and to his surprise it was printed. | of it, ‘I turned into Westminster Hall for troubled. From that blessed little room, | a time because my eyes were so dimmed Then followed These were after- with joy I could not see.’ sketches signed ‘ Box.’ ward collected in two volumes and sold, plates and all, for $750. Shortly after he took up literature as a profession and trav- eled extensively. He visited the United : : States and wrote ‘ Martin Chuzzlewit’ niture and library was pawned piece by | Se eo ee eee ee eee his return. In this he gives us his inimit- able picture of American real estate specu- He later _ ter place gained the material for that life- like portrayal of the French Revolution de- picted in his ‘Tale of Two Cities,’ mean- | time giving public readings from his own works. In this way he earned $200,000, but his health declined. His love of money and of fame led him on until 1870, when apoplexy carried him away. “Tt was his mission to set before us with a wonderfully realistic pen the good and Oliver Twist, born in a work-house, brought up amidst scenes evil of every-day life. THE WORLDS FINEST BURIAL GROUNDS. of vice and misery, was preserved from pol- lution only by the strength of character. The ruffian Sykes could not escape his evil deeds. blooded villainy that repels. Fagin, the Jew, is a picture of cold- ‘Old Curios- Dick Swiv- eller is a rare combination of conceit and ity Shop’ is full of contrasts. assurance. He purchases without means to Quilp, with the body of a dwarf and the instinct pay and avoids the street thereafter. of a wolf, is a strange fancy. But where so fair so frail, so lovable a child as little Nell? Patient, hopeful, a ministering angel that wins all hearts. ‘The roughest among them was sorry if he missed her in the usual 21 place upon his way to school.’ “At church young children would cluster at her skirts and aged men and women forsake their gos- sip to give her kindly greeting. How sad that such a child should die, and yet with what a tender, sacred beauty he clothed her | final sleep. “He wrote for the multitude, and the multitude was pleased. No man of his day is better known, more widely read, more ; warmly loved than Dickens, for the burden of all his stories is ‘be good and love; have compassion on misery and wretchedness; believe that humanity, pity, forgiveness, are the finest things in man.’ ” THE WORLD’S FINEST BURIAL GROUNDS. : we have a little old-fashioned talk about some of the famous burial places of the World. naturally thinks of the time when they will Every one, as age comes on, lay down their work here and enter a life beyond. As the life beyond is not intended for the body, but simply the soul, naturally there must be a place on Earth where this body is consigned when life is extinct. “From time immemorial different meth- ods have been resorted to for burying the dead. The ceremonies performed depend- Pp p lien said papa, “I propose that ed entirely upon the customs of the country, but the place selected for the grave depen- ded upon the position one occupied in the world, not only as to office but in financial worth. No matter where the dead is buried a wealth and even a waste of money can be used in placing a memorial, which sooner or later must perish with time. “Tn America some of our greatest Gen- erals have been buried in vaults and tombs erected by the people, but a private citizen when dying is usually buried in a country church yard or in a cemetery surrounded 22 THE WORLD'S FINEST BURIAL GROUNDS. by green trees, running brooks and fragrant flowers. The old world custom is some- what different and especially those of an- cient times. In Athens, Pompeii and Rome it was the custom to bury the dead by the side of the main roads immediately outside the town- gates. In Greece these Streets of Tombs have mostly disappeared. The only one re- maining is now within the present city of Athens. monuments of the finest pentelic marble, Many of these had sumptuous but only those that could bear exposure have been left in their original places, the smaller ones having been removed to the Athenium museums. TOMB OF MARIA CHRISTINA—VIENNA, THE WORLD'S FINEST BURIAL GROUNDS. 23 The first place of interment on the left, | ones, so that the ground here must have immediately beyond the ancient gate, con- | been very uneven in ancient days. Farther sists of the foundation wall of a semicircu- | on comes the Monument of Dexileos, a lar building, within which are upright tomb- | young Athenian who distinguished himself DANTE’S MONUMENT—FLORENCE. stones. These are the monuments of Cor- | by his valor in the Corinthian War in B.C. cyrean ambassadors. "The monuments lie | 394-395 ; the relief represents him on horse- sixteen feet lower than the surrounding | back in the act of striking down his foe ; 24 THE WORLD'S FINEST BURIAL GROUNDS. the weapons and bridles were added in bronze. The two monuments in front be- long to other members of the same family, the whole forming a family tomb. Farther along the road is the Grave of Korallion, the relief representing a family group. Korallion grasps the hand of her husband Agathon with her right hand and his arm with her left, while in the back- ground are another bearded man and a youth. The next monument is in the form of a small temple, the interior of which was adorned with paintings, now completely erased. ee us of some big bridge to-night, papa,” said Tom, as they sat upon the porch one evening. “Well,” said papa, “the largest bridge in America, if not in the world, is Brooklyn suspension bridge, connecting New York with Brooklyn. This bridge stands to-day, not only as the reatest triumph of engineering skill in Pp § its line, but is an undying monument to | the memory of John A. Roebling, the Chief Engineer, who superintended its early construction, and who lost his life there, as well as to his son, who proved a worthy successor to his noble father, and carried the great work to completion. As one views it by day from the gates of the sea, many miles away, it looks like a shin- ing silver thread sparkling in the sunlight; viewed, by night, from afar, one almost fancies it some splendid constellation in the heavens, as it flashes with brilliant, many colored lights which stretch from shore to shore, like some great wall of flame. As one approaches it, its gigantic size becomes apparent, and its majesty and magnitude are overwhelming. In every detail, the length of the approaches, the height of the towers, the length of the span, the diameter of the cables, the weight of the anchorages, all impress one with theirimmensity. Figures failto convey an adequate idea of it. The approach on the New York side is 2,492 feet, or near- ly one-half mile; that on the Brooklyn side is 1,901 feet, and the span between the towers 1,595 feet, making a total leng th of 5,989 feet or over one and one- eighth miles. The towers from which the bridge is suspended rise 277 feet above high water mark and sink below to bed rock, the New York tower being 78 feet below and the Brooklyn a little less. The great cables which support the bridge are nearly sixteen inches in diame- ter and are formed of steel wires, almost 6,000 twisted together, and capable of holding a load of nearly 50,000 tons, or 80 trains of 20 cars each, each car weigh- ing 80 tons, could pays over the bridge safely at one time. The center of the bridge is so high that the largest ships can pass under it without difficulty. The bridge is 85 feet wide and five tracks cross it, the two outer ones for wagons, the two inner ones for cars, and one above these for foot passen- gers. From this last, a beautiful view of the river can be had. At each end the 164 BROOKLYN BRIDGE. : 165 cables are made fast in great masses of It is, indeed, an inspiring sight to watch Five | the throngs of people on this bridge as the shops and factories close for the day. At such an hour we all pay an unconscious masonry weighing 60,000 tons. years were spent in preparing for it, and over thirteen years were required to build it. Its cost was about $15,000,000. tribute to the man who constructed it. Ses SSS SSS of xs Z oo E op hy ai ZZ it J SS RAUNT TR BROOKLYN BRIDGE. in the world now, I think. If you walk over it they will charge you one cent and in riding it is three cents. It seems strange that they should do this now, but There is one more thing about the bridge that is worth calling attention to. You all remember about the old-style bridges that you used to have to pay to cross. Well, you do on this bridge also. | they claim that this small charge keeps Brooklyn bridge is the largest toll bridge | it in repair.” 166 ST. SEBALDUS CHURCH. ST. SEBALDUS CHURCH. PEAKING of Churches, one of - the oddest ones I ever saw,” a said papa, “is the Church of St. Sebaldus, located in the center part of the old city of Nuremburg. This city as well as the Church is the quaintest of all European cities and my visit there is one I shall never forget. It is thoroughly Ger- man and everything connected with it is as old fashioned as though it had never seen the 19th century, but with all its quaintness it is after alla most beautiful city. The houses are all roofs and in the roofs are little dormer windows which make you think that they were constructed for dolls rather than for human beings. The city is noted all over the world as containing the greatest toy factories in ex- istence. Here toys of every conceivable shape, style, price and quality can be found. Toys I had never heard of, games, musical instruments, and hundreds and hundreds of curious, pleasing things which make one think they are in Santa Claus land. But I forget, I started to tell you about St. Sebaldus Church—named so because it contains the monument of St. Sebald. The eastern choir of the church has been built in the genuine Gothic style, decorated with beautiful columns and completed in 1377. In the center of this choir, there stands the This celebrated monument, the most extensive bronze sepulchre of. St. Sebaldus. work German art has produced, was cast by Peter Vischer and his five sons, begun 1508 and finished 1519. It rests on 12 snails, having 4 dolphins at its corners, the whole forming a Pagan temple, adorned with the 12 apostles. It is surmounted by 12 smaller figures, being as many fathers of the church, and finally by an infant Christ, holding a globus in his hand; the latter being the key of the whole monu- ment, when it is to be laid open. In a niche towards the high altar, is the portrait of Peter Vischer. The apostles to the east are Peter and Andrew, tothe west Thaddeus and Matthew, to the south John, James, Philip and Paul, and to the north Simon, Bartholomew, Thomas and Matthew. All who visit Nuremburg visit also this | church, which although not elegant is much admired. Near this church is located a famous old restaurant which was in the days of Peter Vischer the favorite dining hall of artists and sculptors of the times. Here came Albert Durer who lived in the To- day this restaurant is even more popular 15th century, and other noted artists. ST. SEBALDUS CHURCH, NUREMBURG, GERMANY, 167 168 AN OLD ROAD. than then, for now all tourists, whether Germans or otherwise, flock here by the score to partake of the Bratwurst, a delic- ious sausage which is served up with sauer- kraut. My, I can taste it yet, it was so very excellent. I fear we dined at this restaurant more than we did at our hotel, and the last thing we did as we left the town was to go for a farewell lunch to this tiny restaurant called “The Bratwurst Glock,” famous for sauer- kraut and sausage. AN OLD ROAD. OULD the cyclist of to-day be favored + with such roads as the old Romans built,” said papa on his return from Italy, “his joy would know no bound.. Our boulevards with their macadamized roadways do not approach even in hardness and are far less durable than these roads built many centuries ago. One of the most noted of these is the Appian Way, commenced by Appius Clad- PORTA ST, SEBASTIAN, ENTRANCE TO APPIAN WAY. AN OLD ROAD. 169 ius Cacus, 312 B.C. At first it extended only to Capua, but later was built to Brin- disi, a distance of three hundred and fifty miles. It was about fourteen feet wide, exclusive of the footpaths on either It was not completed until 30 B. C. These roads were made of many-sided side. blocks of lava, carefully dressed and laid in The joints were fitted with the greatest care, and the surface a bed of mortar. made perfectly smooth. They were built principally for the rapid movement of troops, though many emperors built them as a monument to the beneficence of their reign. The Appian Way was in a state of perfect repair as late as 565 A. D., if we are to believe Roman Historians, but with the fall of the Roman Empire, these roads were suffered to fill up with dirt and debris until only their memory remained. Pius VI in the early part of the present century restored a part of it, but its surface is a sad mockery of its former excellence. No other drive from Rome affords the tourist so much satisfaction as this, and so one balmy morning when Italy’s blue skies were at their best, we drove out upon it, The road is flanked by a great wall, back of viewing its beauties from all sides. which are vineyards giving abundant proof of a large crop of grapes a little later in the season. As we leave these walls, a The Campagna spreads before and invites us to magnificent view breaks upon us. explore its many wonders, but time forbids. This dreary waste to which the name of Campagna is given, was once covered by the sea and is due to volcanic action. Lava OLD ROMAN TOMB, APPIAN WAY, 170 BART EBBOE MARATHON. in grotesque forms appears frequently, while the red, volcanic tufa adds color in profusion to the scene. Here and there one sees the craters of extinct volcanoes, the principal of which are in the Alban Lake Alban itself is but the crater of an old voleano into which the Mountains. water has found its way. Not alone for its natural features is this plain noted. On that narrow strip of land between the Alban Mountains and the sea, were enacted great events in the history of Rome. Here were fought fierce battles be- tween the Latins and the Etruscans on the north, the Sabins on the east and the Vol- cians on the south. Once a densely pop- ulated land with many prosperous towns, it is now a desolate waste. Hardly a tenth of its surface is now under cultivation. BATTLE OF ; TRANGE that you never tire | : of battle stories,” said Mr. | Gray to the club one evening. “Well, I too, liked them at your age, but now I think more of peace making and I hope the time will come when battles are a thing of the past; but to-night I will tell you about Marathon. The classic land of Greece, the land of poets, sculptors, statesmen, philosophers and patriots, has throughout the ages been With the coming of May, malaria sets in and the herdsmen and cattle flee to the mountains. The few people who are obliged to remain, lead a miserable, fever-stricken life. Here, too, are seen the ruins of aque- ducts for which the old Romans were so famous. The road winds in and out, up and down, and passes many points of interest, such as the Catacombs, the Circus of Maxentius, the tombs of wealthy old nobles and ruins almost without number. After a ride of six hours, broken into by many walks into the byroads and paths ‘that are constantly leaving the Appian Way, we returned to our hotel, wearied but amply, repaid, having filled full our note- book in which we keep the record of our journey.” MARATHON. noted for its valor and bravery. No brighter example adorns the pages of the world’s history than the Plain of Marathon, where was fought a battle that saved to mankind the growth of free institutions and freed Europe from the possibility of that semi- civilization which has hung like a dark cloud over Asiatic nations through all the centuries. The plain lies twenty-two miles from Athens, along the bay of the same name. BATTLE OF MARATHON. 171 It is nearly bow-shaped, six miles long and It is girded by rugged mountains except for a about two miles broad in the center. valley trending- inward from the center. These mountains come close to the waters’ edge at either end. On this plain there lay encamped, almost 2400 years ago (490 B. C.) a Persian army, numbering over 100,000 men. Fresh from conquests in the east, every man trained to war, directed by skilled commanders who had led them to repeated victories and never having suf- fered defeat, this army thought itself in- vincible. So confident were they that upon landing, they drew their boats upon the beach and thus cut off their only means of escape. Their arms seem strange to us. There were bowmen with heavy bows, slingers with their missiles to hurl upon the enemy, spearmen with their long spears and a well trained cavalry. The army was led by Datis, nephew of Darius, King of Persia, which at that time included all the ereat Kingdoms of Asia, except China. As this proud army landed, they saw upon the mountain above a little band of 10,000 men to oppose their march into Greece and the west. So small an army seemed unable to offer any resistance and the Persians smiled at the easy task before them. In command of this little band were ’ ten Generals, but after a solemn council in which it was decided to attack the Persians, the command was given to Mil-ti-a-des, whose valor and leadership had been often proved. Realizing the fearful odds against him, he gave the word to prepare for bat- tle. The commanders exhorted their men. The place itself excited the men, for Mara- thon was sacred to their God, Hercules. On this plain, too, their ancestors had driven back their enemies. According to custom, the warriors of each tribe were to- gether, neighbor fighting by neighbor, friend by friend, exciting the warlike spirit to the utmost. Their arms were a long spear, a shield and helmet, breast plate, armor for the legs and a short sword. Although the Greeks usually advanced slowly in battle, Mil-ti-a-des, on this occas- ion, ordered the line to advance upon a run. The trumpet sounded and the little army bore down upon the foe, chanting the battle hymn, ‘On, sons of the Greek. Strike ‘for the freedom of your country, of your children and of your wives, for the shrines of your father’s gods and for the graves of your sires.’ All, allwas now staked upon the strife. When the Persians saw the Athenians coming to the attack, they thought them On came the Greeks with one unwavering line mad and prepared to receive them. of leveled spears, against which the light targets, the short lances and cimeters of the Persians offered but weak defense. The center of the Grecian line which was weak- ened to strengthen the ends, was driven 172 BATTLE OF MARATHON. back into the valley where they were en- abled to rally and renew the fight. Meantime the Greek wings, or ends, had routed their opponents, and then uniting attacked the victorious Persian center. The Persian troops under the command of Datis himself strove hard to hold their ground, The even front of the Greek phalanx met them at every turn, but to no purpose. while their light shields and short weapons served neither for protection or defense. While the Persian rear poured showers of arrows over the heads of the Greeks, the foremost rushed boldly forward only to throw themselves upon the projecting spears of the Greeks. At last the hitherto unconquered lords of Asia turned and fled. The Greeks followed, striking them down. The invaders sought to launch their boats while the Greeks tried to fire the fleet. Here the Greeks met their principal loss. Seven galleys escaped and Datis, desperate at his defeat, sailed for Athens, hoping to find the city unprotected. Mil-ti-a-des detected his purpose and leay- ing a part of his force to hold the field, hastened by a night march with the bal- ance to the defense of the city. When PLAINS OF MARATHON, ENGLAND S RULER. 178 Datis reached Athens early the following morning, he found his victors of the day before ready to receive him and without attempting to land, returned to Asia. The Persian dead numbered 6400, the Greeks 192. The Greeks slain were buried on the field of battle and above them was raised a lofty mound to mark the spot. Ten columns were erected, one for each tribe, and on the column of each were engraved the names of those who had fallen. These columns have long since crumbled away, but the mound still marks the resting place of the noblest heroes of antiquity. It was at the close of this battle that a Greek ran all the way from Marathon to Athens, a distance of twenty-two miles to tell the news of victory. The brave Greek no sooner reached the city and said, ‘we have won’ than he fell dead. It is to com- memorate this race that a running race from the Plains of Marathon to the station at Athens took place during the recent Olympian games. All nations took part, but toa Greek fell the honor of carrying off the glory.” No one regretted to see a Greek win; in fact all felt it was only right. ENGLAND’S RULER. ae what is our subject to- night?” said Mr. Gray, as the lamp was lighted and the little flock gathered around to hear another of the “Round the World” stories. ‘Tell of “Yes,” said Florence, who had been reading of the Kings and rulers,” said Tom. coming Queen’s Jubilee, “of good Queen Victoria and her life.” “ Well children,” said papa, ‘“‘ Merry England’s ruler deserves an evening, and perhaps we can learn something by talking of her noble life. But first let me say that England is nearer and dearer to the American people than any other European nation. England made the first permanent settlements here. We speak the same language, get the best of our laws and customs from and join with her in leading the civilization of the world. Of the present queen, Victoria, volumes might be written, but in our talk to-night we shall touch more upon her home and court life. As you all know, Victoria has reigned longer than any other English Soy- She ascended the throne on the night of June 19th, 1837, or rather on the morning of June 20th, as King William ereign. died a little after two o’clock in the morn- ing. Immediately upon his death the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chamber- 174 ENGLAND'S RULER. QUEEN VICTORIA. lain and Sir Henry, the Royal Physician, hastened from Windsor Castle to the Pal- ace at Kensington to salute the young Princess Victoria as Queen of England. While expecting the death of the King, she met them with tears of real grief, and the people regarded it as a happy omen hat Victoria ‘wept to learn she was a Queen.’ After receiving their salutations she requested the Archbishop to ask Divine guidance in her behalf, and so the first act in her reign as Queen was a prayer for her people and herself. Trained carefully for her position, her modesty and womanly ways delighted her subjects and her reign began most hap- ENGLAND S RULER. 175 pily. One of her first acts was to put an end to Court extravagence and Court pro- fligacy. During her first year’s rule she paid her father’s debts and during the second year her mother’s, and this without incurring any debts herself or asking Par- liament for any addition to her income. Her business tact, honesty and frugality won her friends everywhere and gave her the confidence of all England. Her coronation occurred June 28th, 1838, and was an event of great splendor and re- joicing throughout the kingdom. The cor- onation took place in Westminster Abbey. The Queen was escorted up the nave by two Bishops, eight daughters of English Dukes bearing her train and fifty ladies of rank in her household following. As the Archbishop of Canterbury presented her as the ‘Queen of the realm,’ the old build- ing shook with cries of ‘God save Queen Victoria.” At the close of the ceremony the Archbishop Crown upon her head, and at the same in- reverently placed the stant the lords and ladies present donned their coronets, the flashing jewels adding ENTRANCE TO WINDSOR CASTLE, 176 ENGLAND'S RULER. The Queen was placed in the Chair of Homage, the to the brilliancy of the scene. peers came forward, knelt, kissed her hand, pronounced allegiance and the ceremony was complete. Her courtship and marriage was to her, as it should be to every woman, an import- ant event in her life. As Queen, no man could formally woo her. Before she was made Queen her heart had been won by her cousin Prince Albert, who was three months her junior. In October following her coronation the Prince was visiting at Windsor. her love for him and said her future hap- She sent for him, told him of | piness would be assured by their marriage. The Prince responded with gratitude and joy for he had loved her since their first meeting. The Prince was not called upon to ask the consent of the Queen’s mother to the allegiance, but the Queen must herself | announce to the members of her Privy | She called them together, tremblingly read her dec- | Council or cabinet ministers. | laration and received their congratulations. The wedding, which was one of unusual splendor even for Royalty, took place Feb. | 10th, 1840, All England rejoiced at the spectacle of their Queen marrying the man she truly loved, and marrying him because WINDSOR CASTLE, FRONTING TOWARD THE GARDEN. ENGLAND S RULER. she loved him, for you must know that weddings among Royalty are not always love matches. The Prince was voted $150,- 000 per year by Parliament for his expendi- tures. Hight children were born to them, Prince Albert Edward, the present Prince of Wales, being their second child. He was born Nov. 9th, 1841. As heir to the Crown his birth was a most important event to the nation and gave great happiness to the Queen. The death of her husband came very unexpectedly in 1861. The blow was a severe one to Victoria. It severed her almost wholly from politics. She re- tired to a semi-private life, attending to the cares of State, but not appearing in public Prince Albert was laid to rest at Frogmore, where a_ splendid for several years. Mausoleum attests the love the Queen bore him. Since the marriage of the Prince of Wales the Queen has taken but little part in social life, leaving those duties to the Prince and Princess. HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT, ENGLAND. ENGLAND'S RULER. 179 In her private life the Queen is imperi- | ous, unbending and yet constantly per-— The Royal household humor her every whim. forming many little acts of kindness. She has dismissed faithful retainers with- out just cause, and it is said that Lord Playfair, who held the post of gentleman- in-waiting for many years, was d?smissed because his legs were short and bent and | did not show to advantage in knee breeches and silk stockings. In the make-up of the Royal household many people are required, as there are many positions to fill and large sums of money ex- pended. The gardener of the Queen is an important personage. He has charge of the gardens at Frogmore, and as the Queen re- fuses to eat any fruit except that grown in the Royal gardens, his position is not an easy one. Ifthe Queen visits any of her children or grandchildren among the Royaly, or other nations, great baskets of fruit and vegetables must be sent her daily from these gardens. When absent, wine is sent her wherever she may be from her own stock This is sent more for her guests than herself, as in the cellars of St. James Palace. she only drinks wine at banquets and then but moderately. She is also very careful in her dict, never eating underdone beef or mutton and never eating pork except in the form of sausages which must be prepared by the Royal cook himself and in just such a manner and | always cooked with a little unsmoked bacon. Crabs and lobsters are never eaten, oysters but seldom. Black currant jelly is always on the table. The tea which is put on the Royal table all comes from a quaint little shop in Pall Mall where Victoria and It costs five shillings and four pence, nearly her five predecessors have obtained it. one dollar and thirty cents per pound. Every day a sirloin of beef is roasted and served cold for luncheon. After dinner the Queen eats one water-biscuit and a piece of Cheddar cheese. Whenever the Queen goes abroad, the tea, the cheese and the Royal bed must go along. That you may know something of the expense of the Queen’s kitchen let me say that ata State dinner 250 pounds of fish are required and this but a single item in the course dinner. The chief cook receives $3,500.00 per year for his services; the clerk who carves re- ceives a like amount, the confectioners $1,500.00 and $1,250.00 respectively, At Buckingham Palace are given the state balls and stats concerts, $50,000 per year being set aside by the Queen for this purpose. A ball must not cost over $10,000 and a concert must not exceed $15,000.00. These seem like princely sums, yet they are regarded as quite small. The Queen seldom resides here for more than a few days ata time. The Palace is not inviting on the outside, and were it not for the red coated sentries in front one would not take 180 it for the home of Royalty. Within the Palace is richly furnished. Among the (Jueen’s possessions is her country seat at Balmoral, Scotland. This is the great hunt- ing and fishing resort of members of the A. forest of 10,000 acres with 7,500 acres adjoining which the Queen Queen's family. leases, affords abundant sport, from eight to one hundred deer being killed annually. Through this estate runs the river Dee, affording the best salmon-fishing in Scot- land. The Queen’s stables are under the con- trol of the ‘Master of the Horse,’ one of the grand officers of the household. On state occasions the Queen is drawn by eight cream-colored horses. These are never ENGLAND'S RULER. used on other occasions and hold the high- est place in the stables. For her personal use at Windsor Castle the Queen uses four gray horses, ridden by two postillions. A single sentry, or out rider, canters on ahead while on each side are two mounted officers of the army belonging to the department of the Master of the Horse. less than seventy carriages belonging to the stables. 1761, seventeen feet long and weighing There are no Among these is one built in This is the carriage in which All the carriages are heavy and cumbersome, but four tons. the Queen rode to her coronation. serviceable and handsomely decorated. The Queen also has her kennels of fox and deer hounds, kept for the annual hunt MONUMENT IN HYDE PARK, IN MEMORY OF PRINCE ALBERT, A LETTER FROM ROME. 181 at Balmoral, as well as her kennel of pet dogs. All of this expense is borne by the English people without a murmur. The Queen has her body guards of pen- sioned officers known as Gentlemen-at-arms, and a body selected from non-commissioned officers called the Yeomen of the Guard. Their principal duty is to keep the passage clear for the Nobility on Levee and Draw- ing-Room days. One of the most peculiar officers is called the Champion of England. He appears but once during a reign, and that at the coronation. While the corona- tion banquet is in progress he rides on horseback into the dining-room, clad in steel armor from head to foot. Raising his visor he challenges any. one to deny the title of the sovereign, throwing his gauntlet upon the floor like a knight of old. As you may guess no one accepts his challenge. A golden goblet of wine is handed him which he drinks to the health of the mon- arch and then slowly backs his horse from the room, carrying with him the golden goblet as his own. This ceremony, by the way, comes down 4rom William the Con- queror. The Queen has also fifteen foot- men, eight trumpeters, heralds and other attendants or hangers-on almost without number, whose duties are trivial and who seem to be maintained as a relic of the form and pomp of Middle Ages. Much could be said of the numerous families about the Court, of the allowances voted each member of the Royal family and of the children of the Queen, but it is getting late. I want you one and all to remember that ‘Queen Victoria is honored no less for her womanly qualities, her love of home, the admirable training of her family, than for her position as sovereign of Great Britain.’” A LETTER FROM ROME. April 25th, 1896. Dear Frienps at Home:—As our good ship approached the city all on board was Bundles, boxes, satchels and trunks were everywhere; confusion, in fact, almost chaos. their owners in one another’s way in their But to me the scene aboard was unheeded. I thought, anxiety to be first ashore. yonder lies the proud city, shorn of much of her former splendor, but still the Mecca of countless thousands of eager tourists. Standing before her the present is forgotten and the past rises clear and distinct. There lie the seven hills of the old city as wild as on the morning of creation. . Then Romulus and Remus, who, tradi- tion says, grew strong on the milk of the she wolf which nursed, appear and the great 182 AE ERLE FROM ROME. city is begun. Midst war and strife the city grows. We see Aeneas escaping from the devastation of Troy and bringing his household gods across the sea. He marries into the family of Lati#ms and there arises a long line of Latin Kings, Nunne, Tullus, Ancus, Martius, Tarquinius, Priscus, Tul- lius, Tarquinius Superbus, who, among them, drove the people to revolution. The Roman Republic arises with its govern- ment of two consuls chosen annually. En- emies appear, Cincinnatus leaves his plough, saves the Republic and returns to his farm on the Tiber. The two consuls are increased to ten. Virginia chooses death to dishonor. The fierce Gauls swarm down from the north, enter the city, murder the venerable senators in their seats and Camillus is dictator. Time rolls on and the Romans are con- quered by the Samnites. The relentless Punic wars are raging. Carthage is sub- dued and the world takes note of the rising power and splendor of the Imperial City. Corinth, Macedonia, Syracuse, are hers. Rome is queen of the world’s cities and right royally she wears her crown. There are Roman Triumphs, splendor beyond de- scription, and the Roman eagles go forth to The Cex- sars appear, the nations of the world bow secure dominion over the earth. before them. The Republic falls and a Cesar wears the purple of the Emperor. Then comes a period of royal pomp and | upon the Rome of to-day. time was limited we lost no time. extravagance, lightened now and then by a resplendent reign until Augustus, Caligula, Nero, and a long line of emperors bring us to Constantine, and Rome once more really rules the world. Christianity conquers Pag- anism, and from the old Rome of ruin the new Rome of Art and the Rome of the Popes arise. Three thousand years of tragic history pass before us and we look The dream of childhood and of early maturity is about to be realized. We landed, selected our hotel, and as A cab was engaged, and for an extra fee the driver became talkative. We drove down the Corso, the main street of the city, and ‘the driver pointed out the interesting sights. We passed countless churches, the Forum, the Colosseum, the great hotels and drove through narrow, crooked streets where the little black-haired, dark-eyed, _swarthy-faced Italians are so numerous we were in constant fear lest we run them down; where women prematurely old sat on the | steps and gazed listlessly at us, dispirited, discouraged and each with a baby in her arms. Old-men paced slowly up and down, stared vacantly at us and (we say it rever- ently) look as though death would be wel- come. On into the marts of trade, where shop-windows were decked with rich jew- els, fine silks, curios, cheap goods; where hucksters cried their wares; where laborers A LETTER FROM ROME. 183 toiled with such a hopeless air; onto the wharves where men half clad unloaded great ships, carried boxes, barrels, bundles so heavy that they stagger under their loads. The shoulders of some are raw and bleeding from the rough burdens they bore. They hurried and are driven like beasts, yet they are men. We grew sick at the sight and were driven back to the hotel. Sleep brought rest and forgetfulness, and with the morning we were off to the Colos- seum. This is the largest theater the world ever saw; it is the most imposing ruin in existence. Built by the cruel Titus, its as- Within its walls were enacted some of the darkest chapters sociations are bloody. in Roman history. In its construction sixty thousand captive Jews were employed ten SWISS GUARDS, VATICAN, 184 years. Tradition says that five thousand beasts and ten thousand captives were slain at its dedication, this festival lasting one hundred days. It covered six acres of ground and seated It created and developed brutal passion, yet the people nearly 100,000 spectators. who gathered there to witness wild beasts devour Christians felt themselves secure. Could we restore a Roman holiday what would we see? The thousands of seats, ris- ing tier above tier, are filled with the popu- Yonder sits the Em- peror surrounded by senators and nobles lace in gala dress. A EETTER FROM ROME. and beautiful ladies. In the open space below two gladiators appear armed with battle-ax or spear. Their iron muscles standing out in great knots quiver with the expectation of the coming contest. Their eyes gleam, their faces pale with the agony of expected death, for death must Stroke follows stroke only to be avoided with come to one. The contest begins. lightning-like rapidity and skill. They are covered with blood, worn with fatigue, but the fight goes on till one is down, the foot of the victor upon the fallen body, his spear upraised. Excitement is intense. ST, ANGELO, ROME, A LETTER FROM ROME. Will the victor spare his foe? The pros- trate gladiator looks up to the Emperor who alone can spare his life. But the Em- peror dare not disappoint the people who have come to see a man murdered, and he The ladies cry with joy, the people applaud, inverts his thumb, the signal death. the spear descends, a human life goes out 185 and the lifeless body is dragged out leaving a path of blood behind. Thank God, such days have passed and men are no longer “butchered” to make a Roman holiday. The picture appalled us and we hastened to the Circus Maximus whose ruins can still be seen. Vast as was the Colosseum, it was a pigmy beside this. 250000 people POPE LEO XIII. 186 A LETTER FROM ROME. could be seated here and half a million are said to have witnessed the races there in the days of Rome’s splendor. The associa- tions here are less horrible than at the Colosseum as only trials of speed and skill were engaged in. Next we went to St. Peters, the most wonderful as it is the largest church in the world. It is built on the spot occupied by the Temple of Jupiter Vaticanus, from which the palace of the Pope, the Vatican, is named. The first church was built here in the year 90 and was a memorial chapel to St. Peter who is said to have been buried beneath. St. Peter’s church of to-day, the crowning glory of the mighty genius of Michael Angelo, was begun about 1503. Tts erection overtaxed the Christian world and led to the sale of indulgences to obtain money with which to proceed. This brought forth a protest from Martin, the first of the Protestants, and effected the Reformation by which Germany and northern Europe were lost to the Church of Rome. The church looks immense from a distance, but is disappointing as you approach. The piazza with its massive columns and play- ing fountains prepare one for the grandeur As we enter Over the altar is a canopy one hundred feet high and and splendor of the interior. its beauty bursts upon us. weighing nearly one hundred tons, yet it appears not half so high. In the distance is astatue of St. Peter. We guess its size half that of an average man. We approach and find it twice as tall and twice as large. In the distance are the noted cherubs look- ing like dolls. One of our party investi- gates and as he stands before them he, too, looks to be an infant. We climb the dome, and though it seems small, the people in The little ball upon the dome which we had noted from the street are but pigmies. the street is hollow and in it sixteen people It is then that the Its stained windows let in a flood of light mel- could meet at once. vastness of the church overwhelms us. lowed and softened until it seems like a halo around the heads of the numerous statues which adorn the church. Would that we might describe the glory and the splendor of St. Peters from an artist’s view, We recall its grandeur, its sublimity as a holy memory, but description fails us. but its beauty must be seen—it cannot be pictured in words. The, Vatican near by, is the winter resi- In it are 13,000 apart- ments and more than two hundred stair- dence of the Pope. ways. On its walls are some of the grandest frescoes of Michael Angelo, the Last Judg- ment being the most noted. (The Vatican is guarded by troops known as the Swiss Guards. highly trained, proud of their honorable They are hardy mountaineers, position and selected for this purpose be- cause they are absolutely honest and in- corruptible.) So it seems that even in A LETTER FROM ROME. 187 Rome, at his own home the Pope must go to other nations to find body guards upon whom he can rely. In the Papal Palace, next to the Vatican, is the most famous picture gallery in the world. Here are gathered the works of all the masters, which fill the soul of a lover of art with ecstacy. We might spend days here and then not be satisfied. It is need- less to say that this is one of the favorite resorts of tourists. Among the old castles the most interest- ing, perhaps, is the Castle of St. Angelo. Originally this was a tomb erected by Had- QUEEN MARGHERITA, 188 rian, A. D. 136, for himself and his succes- sors. On a base 342 feet square rises a The marble covering has fallen away, but the structure cylinder 240 feet in diameter. still remains. Around the top were numer- On the top of this cylinder was another, surmounted by a large ous marble statues. statue of Hadrian, which has disappeared. Tn later times this tomb was converted into a fortress and the statutes on the top hurl- ed down on the besiegers. Legend says that in 590, during the reign of Gregory the Great, while he was conduct- ing a procession to pray for the cessation of the plague then raging, he beheld the Archangel Michael sheathing his sword above the castle. In commemoration of this, a chapel was erected upon the summit. Tn time of war it has been used as a citadel, but is now regarded as an interesting ruin, though occupied. Visitors are admitted A LETTER FROM ROMR. only at 11 o’clock, A. M. daily, under the guidance of a soldier, and only six persons are admitted at atime. As a consequence, many tourists of a short stay are not able This, too, must be left ere we have seen the half we want to see, to see its interior. but time is short and we must away. With love to all the dear ones at home, I am, sin- cerely, Your loving FarHer. P. S.—I enclose a picture of Queen Mar- gherita, wife of King Humbert I, and Ttaly’s inuch-loved Queen of to-day. tt would have done your heart good to see and hear the little peasant boys and girls circle around our coach yesterday as we drove out on the Appian Way, and sing in their usual sweet way “Queen Margherita! Queen 10 Margherita We could not resist pouring out to them all our small change as we went away laughing. STORY OF THE GLACIER. EW of us, perhaps, have seen the | the North’and the frigid zones, how many mighty glacier and as we have read | of us have given a thought to their growth of them in the Alps, in the mountains of | and structure? As “little drops of water TYNDALL’S GLACIER IN WHALES SOUND. make the mighty ocean,” so little flakes of | vated regions form, layer upon layer, until snow, falling silently one upon another, | they become a frozen mass, sometimes partly melted by the rays of the sun and | covering miles in area, and the result is a then frozen by the cold nights of North- | glacier. ern zones, or the low temperature of ele- In the Alps of Switzerland these great 189 190 FIVE YEARS OF TRAVEL. bodies have been studied and measured carefully, and we find that the glacier, instead of being a solid, immovable mass, is, in reality, a river of ice, with a motion and current of itsown. By driving stakes, one on each side and others in line with them, it has been found that a short time suffices to throw these stakes into an irregular, broken line, the ones in the center moving faster than those near the edges. In this way their rate of speed is determined, sometimes one foot per day, sometimes more, sometimes less. The glaciers always move down the slope either toward the valley or toward the ocean. In the Alps the giacier, as it moves down into the valley, is melted by the warmer temperature until the rate of melt- ing equals the rate of speed of the glacier, and from its base a stream of pure water flows. In the frigid zones, as in Green- land, these glaciers move toward the ocean and, as they reach the shore, the great weight of the body behind pushes it on Here it finally floats until a great mass, broken off by its own weight, into the ocean. floats off as an iceberg. These float into warmer climes until melted and then, again, after evaporation, they are carried by the winds into the colder regions and fall again as snow to form a never-ending series. A great many travellers take trips over these glaciers, accompanied by guides that are used to doing such work. It is a very dangerous undertaking anyway, for some- times where the ice looks solid it is really very weak. The experienced guide ean When a party start out they each have a long, tell a great deal by the looks. stout stick with an iron point, and a rope is tied from the guide around each person in line. This is done so that if one of the party should slip, he or she will be held by the rest. For, if any one should fall there, and start to slide, it would probably be fatal. The ice often has large open ‘cracks, many feet deep, and to slide into one of these would be almost instant death. The countries where this climbing is done most, are those in the region of the Alps. lers meet and the guides do nothing else Here large numbers of travel- but take parties out. These trips may be of great good to us for it gives a chance for us to see the wonders and fozees of our world which are made and controlled by a higher hand than ours. Among the most noted of these immense bodies is Tyndall’s in Whale Sound, Greenland, a cut of which we show. Glacier Far as the eye can reach, it stretches a field of ice, yet it moves and, day after day, it pushes farther out into ocean until broken into pieces, it floats off as we have stated. What a lesson it teaches as it moves silently on and what a witness to the wisdom of Him who rules the World? STORY OF THE PILGRIMS. IN ENGLAND. J is 1590. In the old Manor House at Scrooby, lives one of Queen Eliza- beth’s postmasters. He lives a quiet, peaceful lfie, but isa thinking man and be- lieves that neither Bishop, Pope, King nor Queen should control men in religious mat- He wants a purer worship, objects to finery in ters. His name is William Brewster. the garments of the Bishops, hates mum- mery, believes that men should not was te time in drinking, dancing and idleness. For this reason his followers are nicknamed The Queen and the Bishops say that everyone must attend the Hstab. Puritans. lished Church on Sunday, or suffer im- prisonment. It is these things that make William Brewster and his followers sad. Brewster invites his friends to the Old Manor House on Sunday. They claimed that any body of Christian believers may form a church and choose their own minister without aid from Pope or Bishop. Soon these churches multiply and Par- liament passes a law imprisoning for three months all who do not conform to the Queen’s church. Many of the new church- es are broken up by this law; some of the numbers are banished and some seek safety in Holland. But the postmaster at Scroo- by is so far away that he is not molested In 1608, Queen Bess dies and King James comes to the and the meetings go on. throne. He says, “I will have one doc. trine, one religion, and all must conform. I will banish or hang all who do not.” This is sad news to Brewster and his friends. They value life, they love their country; but principle is worth more than What shall they do? They think of the New World, but they cannot go without a license and this the King will country. not grant. Then they decide to sell their lands and go to Holland where men can think for themselves, but the King will not even permit this. Then they resolve to go secretly. They sell their lands, pack their goods, and make their way to the coast. They board a ship for Amsterdam, but the captain tells the constable and they are marched off to the magistrate, who puts them in prison. There they remain for many weeks, but at last are set free. After six months Brewster tries again. He bargains with a Dutch captain to take him- self and friends, One by one they make their way to the appointed spot to board the ship. They spend the night without shelter, but in the morning the boat ap- pears and the men begin to load their 191 ) Our PRESIDEN WHITE HOUSE. GEORGE WASHINGTON. OUR FIRST a eae was born in Vir- ginia, February 22, 1732. Little did the parents think as they bore this babe to the Baptismal Font, and called him George Washington, that the name was to become one of the most memor- able in the annals of history. Explain it as we may, there is seldom a great GEORGE WASHINGTON. 1732-1799. Two Terms, 1789-1797. and good man who has not a good mother. In this respect George Washington was highly blessed. From early childhood He had a vigorous constitution, a fine form and bodily strength. In his childhood he was noted for frankness, fearlessness and he developed a noble character. moral courage. Right here we must not PRESIDENT. omit the story, though the world has it by His father was indignant over the outrage and asked George why he did it. “Father, I cannot tell a lie; I cut the tree.” ‘Come heart, of his cutting the cherry tree. to my heart,” said his father, and his eyes filled with tears. “I had rather lose a thousand trees than find a falsehood in my At sixteen he was a man of character A good student and especially good in mathematics. When aud almost one in size. seventeen the State of Virginia employed At the age of nineteen he was one of the prominent men him as public surveyor. of Virginia. At this time civilization was — rapidly supplanting barbarism and the In- dians were becoming alarmed. They kin- dled their consul fires; they pondered the question of encroachment, of industry, ed- ucation and wealth, and resolved to sweep every vestige of civilization from the land. The military force of Virginia was called into action to meet this foe and Washing- ton, then nineteen years of age, became one of their majors. While the war was raging between the Indians and whites the Indians shrewdly sent a message to the Governor.of Vir- 226 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 227 ginia inquiring what portion of the coun- try belonged to them, since England. as they expressed it, demanded all the land on one side of the river and France all upon the other. Now the trouble of war was let France and England both took active part and went into the field. Just loose. before the hostilities commenced the Goy- ernor of Virginia desired to send a com- missioner to remonstrate with the French against establishing their military posts along the waters of the Ohio. To carry this message to the garrisons it was necessary that they travel a wilderness of a distance of nearly 600 miles, where there was no path but the trail of the Indian, and no abode but the wigwam of the savage. There were two objects in view; one was to present the remonstrance, but the real one was to ascertain the number, strength and position of the French garrison. It was a perilous enterprise. There was danger flourishing in the wilderness, there was danger from the tomahawk of the sav- age and there was danger that the French might not allow the commissioner to return. No suitable person could be found to run these risks until George Washington vol- We need not tell you what he endured. Several times he unteered his services. was at death’s door. However, he did his work and returned in safety to the Legis- lature of Virginia. Modestly and uncon- sciously, so as not to attract attention, he nw The speaker chanced to see him and proposed went into the gallery on his return. that “the thanks of the House be given to Major Washington who now sits in the gallery for the gallant manner in which he executed the trust reposed in him by the Governor.” Every member of the House rose to his feet and Washington was greeted with a burst of applause. When Washington was twenty-six years of age the beautiful estate of Mount Ver- non had descended to him by inheritance. On the 6th of January, 1759, he married Mrs. Martha Curtis, a lady of great wealth aad beauty. After these marvelous scenes of his youth he retired with his bride and her two children to the lovely home of Mount Vernon, where he spent fifteen While at Mouzt Vernon his ovcupation was that of years of unbroken happiness. a planter, raising wheat and tobacco. Dur- ing these years of peace and prosperity an appalling storm was gathering which soon burst with destruction over all the colo- nies. The British Ministry insisted upon imposing taxes on the colonies while with- All American scorn was at its height. They holding the right of representation. called a Congress and chose George Wash- The whole population of the United States did ington as Commander-in-Chief, not exceed three million. England was The little handful of Americans who stepped forth undisputed mistress of the sea. 228 to meet this giant had neither fleet, army, military resources or supplies. Sublimely Washington stepped forward from his home of domestic joy and took up the re- sponsibility. Battle after battle was fought; defeat crowded rapidly upon defeat; vic- tory upon victory, and as you no doubt all “God does not always help the heavy battalions.” know, victory was the result. Thousands had perished; thousands had been beggared and thousands had been left widows and orphans. It was a fearful price that America paid for independence. It is said that Washington was the Saviour of this country. Soon the great problem which engrossed all minds was the consolidation of the thir- teen States of America, which should secure them the right of administration. A con- vention was called at Philadelphia in 1787. placed in the President’s chair. PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Washington was, by a unanimous vote, The re- sult was the present constitution of the United States. constitution all eyes were turned to Wash- Upon the adoption of the ington as Chief Magistrate, and by a unan- imous voice he was chosen first President of the United States. He was inaugurated April 30, 1789. He remained in the Pres- ident’s chair two terms of four years each. After he retired again to Mount Vernon, where he spent many years in peace, pros- perity and happiness. In December, 1799, ‘he took a cold, from which he never re- covered, and died in the sixty-eighth year of his age. His remains were interred in the tomb at Mount Vernon, where they now repose. He is gone, but his fame will for- ever fill the world, and his life prove an example to all of America’s sons, JOHN ADAMS. SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. OHN ADAMS was born October | 80, 1735, at Quincy, Mass. His father was a farmer, worthy and industrious, toiling early and late for the support of his family. Like many boys, John Adams was not fond of books. In the bright, sunny morning of his boy- hood, with the sunlight sleeping upon the meadow, the sparkling brook alive with trout and the ocean rolling befcre him, out-door life seemed far more attractive than the monotony of school life. But at the age of fourteen, however, he At sixteen, he At twenty, he finished college, began teaching school and took up books in earnest. entered Harvard College. studied law. It appears that he almost made up, or did make up, for what he lost PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. — 229 in early boyhood. He was much opposed to wasting time, and wrote on one occa- sion, ‘What pleasure can a young gentle- man, who is capable of thinking, take in playing cards? It gratifies none of the senses; it can entertain the mind only by hushing its clamors.” When his father died he returned home and there opened a law office, living with his mother and brother upon the farm. In 1761, he married Miss Abigail Smith, a lady of rare endowments and great force of character. John Adams rapidly rose in the estimation of the people, filled dif- ferent offices and was sent to Congress to represent his State. It is said that he and Thomas Jefferson were the most intimate of friends and worked together for the good of their country. John Adams was an eloquent speaker, in fact, stands at the head as one of the greatest orators this country has ever known. Mr. Jefferson was able with his pen, but had little skill in debating and When Adams and Jefferson drew up the Declaration of was not a public speaker. Independence, each urged the other to make the draft. Mr. Adams closed the friendly contention by saying, “TI will not do it; you must. There are three reasons why you should: First, you are a Vir- ginian; second, I am unpopular, and third, you can write ten times better than I can.” | State. _ conscientious, patriotic and earnest, but “Well,” Jefferson replied, “if you insist , upon it, I will do it as well as I can.” Fourth of July, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted by Congress and signed by each of its members. Of the fifty-five who signed that declaration, there was probably not a more eloquent defender than John Adams. earnest, methodical business man. He was an Be- cause of his policy, his eloquence, his gentlemanly bearing, he was, at different times, chosen as ambassador and minister to effect peace with foreign countries, JOHN ADAMS. 1735-1826. One Term, 1797-1801. He deserves much glory for his success Time rolled on. The 4th of March, 1797, at Philadelphia, he was in- augurated President of the United States. These were stormy days, and it required great wisdom to navigate the Ship of in this. Mr. Adams’ administration was never truly popular. He was a man of 230 decision and would say what he thought, even though it won him enemies. After four years of worry and care, which were, no doubt, the least happy of his life, he was mortified by losing the re- election. His chagrin was so great as to lead him to make the lamentable mistake of refusing to remain in Philadelphia to witness the inauguration of his successful rival, Thomas Jefferson. This caused a breach of friendship which lasted thirteen years. But there was never a more pte and consvientious administration and pos | terity has given its verdict in approval of nearly all his measurers. He lived to see his own son, John Quiuey Adams, elected President of the PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. United States. At the age of ninety years, on the 4th of July, 1826, he breath- ed his last. Just before dying, when told that it was the 4th of July, he said, “God bless it; God bless you all; it is a great and glorious day.” Although cold of manner, he had a powerful intellect and integrity. His one defect in character was that he lacked that genial sympathy which binds man to man, He commanded respect but seldom won love. However, it is hard to find any man to whom America is more indebted for those constitutions which comprise the glory and power of our country, than to John Adams. He firmly believed that “truth crushed to earth would rise again.” THOMAS JEFFERSON. THIRD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. OT HOMAS JEFFERSON was born in | Virginia, April 2, 1743. His boy- hood was one of wealth, luxury and cul- ture. He entered college at the age of seventeen and there lived expensively ,keep- ing fine horses, and was much caressed by gay society. Still he was devoted to his studies and irreproachable in his morals. Strange that he was not ruined, but in the second year of his college course some im- pulse caused him to discard his horses and society. He now devotes fifteen hours a day to his books. He entered a law office at the age of twenty-one; was a great reader and a great writer, but was never distinguished as a publicspeaker. Shortly after he was admitted to the bar he was chosen to a seat in the legislature of Vir- ginia. In 1770 his house was burned and his valuable library, constituting over 2000 He A slave came to volumes, was burned in the place. was absent from home. him with the dreadful news. ‘Were none of my books saved?” asked Mr. Jefferson. ‘“None,”’ of the music-loving negro grew radiant as was the reply, and then the face PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 231 he added: “But, massa, we saved the fid- dle.” his loss was somewhat lessened, Mr. Jef- In after years, when the grief of ferson used to relate this anecdote with 1 merriment. In 1772 he married Mrs. Martha Skel- ton, a very beautiful, wealthy and highly educated young widow. She brought him forty thousand acres of land and one hun- He thus be- came one of the largest slave-holders in dred and thirty-five slaves. Virginia, and yet he labored with all his energies for the abolition of slavery, de- claring the institution to be a curse to the master, a curse to the slave, and an offense in the sight of God. Successes followed closely upon the life of Mr. Jefferson, and in 1775 he took his seat in the Colonial Congress at Philadel- phia. These were dark days for our coun- try, and perplexing questions were con- stantly coming up, which took thought, work and action. It is said that in every life there come days that are “cold, dark and dreary.” Jefferson was sensitive to re- Labor hard as he might, ene- They tried to drive him from office and crush proach. mies would now and then appear. his reputation. He was too proud to en- ter upon a defense of himself. His wife, the most lovely of Christian women, was The double calamity of a storm of politics without and sinking in a lingering death a dying wife within so affected his spirits that he resolved to retire from public life. It was, indeed, a gloomy day that now set- tled down upon him. Much of his prop- erty had been destroyed. Many of his slaves had perished and he was suffering from severe injuries caused by a fall. The poison of skepticism had been early in- stilled into his nature, and in these days of earthly gloom, without hope and without faith, it was hard to bear. Upon the death of his wife his distress was so great that THOMAS JEFFERSON. 1743-1826. Two Terms, 1801-1809. he was led from the room in a state of in- sensibility. But time passed on. “Truth oP crushed to earth will rise again.” Thomas Jefferson later became an embassador. He once wrote to his daughter, who wished to incur some slight debt: ‘‘ Never buy any- thing which you have not the money in your pocket to pay for. Be assured that it gives much more pain to the mind to be in debt than to be without any article whatever you may seem to want.” Martha 232 once said: ‘Never did I witness a par- ticle of injustice in my father. Never have I heard him say a word or do an act which I regret. We venerated him as something wiser and better than any other man.” To Maria, he wrote, when she was about twelve years of age: “Tell me whether you see the sun rise every day? How many chapters a day you read in Don Quixote? Whether you repeat a gram- mar lesson every day? Whether you know how How many hours a day you sew? to make a pudding or cut out a beef steak? To sow spinach, or toset a hen? Be good, my dear, as I have always found you. Never be angry with anybody, never speak hard of them, try to let everybody’s faults be forgotten, as you wish yours to be; take more pleasure in giving what is best to another than in having it yourself, and then all the world will love you and I more than all the world. If your sister is with you, kiss her, and tell her how much I love her also.” In 1800, he was elected President of the United States. At this time Congress moved from Philadelphia to Washington. The news of his election was received with demonstrations of joy. Jefferson was exceedingly simple in his dress, having a dislike to anything that catered to Euro- It is said that Washington rode to Congress drawn by six cream-col- pean styles. ored horses. For some unexplained reason, raising his hat. PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. —s Jefferson, on the morning of his inaugura- tion, rode on horse-back to the Capitol in a dress of plain black cloth, without guard or without slave. Dismounting, without assistance, he fastened the bridle of his horse to the fence. Right here, we want to relate a little act om the part of Mr. Jefferson while he was President of the United States. Thomas, were out riding. They met a One day he and his son, slave, who respectfully took off his hat and bowed. The President, acccrding to his custom, returned the salutation by The younger man paid no attention to the negro’s act of civility. Mr. Jefferson, after a few moments pause, turned a reproachful eye to his son and said, “Thomas, do you permit a slave to be more of a gentleman than yourself?” He held office two terms and was sixty- two years of age when he retired. He At this time his fortune was on the decline returned to his family and his books. Friends, from all over the country, appre- ciated the priceless value of Thomas Jef- erson’s services to the nation and now These testimonies, like sun-shine, dispelled the sent him tokens of their love. gloom which had been gathering upon his This, though, did not allay old age, his feebleness continued, declining days. and on July 4, 1826, the mysterious sepa- ration of the soul from the body took place. Strange that Thomas Jefferson and PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 233 John Adams, two such friends, should pass away on the same day and within a few hours of each other. Mr. Jefferson was a man whom everybody loved. He was guilty of no profanity, detested impiety, would not permit cards in his house and At death’s door he said, “Do not imagine for a moment that I feel the smallest solicitude never drank strong wines. about the future. I am like an old watch with a pinion worn out here, a wheel there, until it can go no longer.” Once in life, he said to John Adams, “Say nothing about my religion, it is known to my God He died as he had lived and, in all time to come, the name of and myself alone.” Thomas Jefferson will occupy a conspicu- ous place. JAMES MADISON. FOURTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. AMES MADISON was born on the | 5th of March, 1751, in Orange His father His were good parents, both intelligent and moral, From early life James Madison was County, Virginia. was a planter and had a fine estate. accustomed to refinement and it lent a charm to his character. His sobriety and lignity were such that it has been said of him, “he never wasaboy.” At college he applied himself with imprudent zeal. For months at a time he would allow himself only three hours sleep out of the twenty-four. This so injured his health that he graduated at the age of twenty-one with a feeble body. of law; was admitted to the bar and as time He took up the study went on became one of Virginia’s most respected sons. Later he entered Congress and was one of its most ardent workers. At the age of forty-three he married Mrs. Todd, a widow of twenty-seven, whe It is said that she was in person almost as was bright, active and beautiful. queenly and graceful as woman could be, with a heart overflowing with kindness. JAMES MADISON. 1751-1836. Two Terms, 1809-1817. Was endowed with great powers of con- versation, persuasion and entertainment, Her face and winning smiles won all hearts 234 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. and contributed to her great popularity. As Thomas Jefferson was a widower during his Presidency of the United States, Mrs. Madison was called upon to do the honors, and it is said that she reigned like a queen at the White House. ceeding Mr. Jefferson and holding office Her husband suc- two terms, this woman was in reality mis- tress of the mansion sixteen years. She never forgot a face or name. It is said that even her husband’s bitter foes were received with a proffered hand and a smile of recognition. It was not only policy on her part, but the overflowing of a loving nature. Her house was plainly furnished, her dress though elegant, was simple, and the influence of this gentle woman in allaying the bitterness of party rancor, became a great power in the nation. As the term of Mr. Jefferson’s Presidency drew near its close, party feeling was aroused to such an extent that it was like a death grapple between the two great parties, the Feder- alists and the Republicans. Mrs. Madison, in accordance with her husband’s wishes, exercised the right of hospitality without Chiefs of the different parties met in her parlors and all regard to party politics. alike shared in the smiles and kindly greetings which made that parlor so attract- ive. On the 4th of March, 1817, the second term of office expired. Happy in the release from the cares of state, he retired to the leisure and repose of his own beau- tiful home at Montpelier. Later he co- operated with Jefferson in watching over the University of Charlottsville. ' Although his union had not been blessed with children, his accomplished wife was ever a source of happiness. On the 28th of June, 1836, Mr. Madison fell asleep in death, in the eighty-fifth year of hisage. His memory is embalmed Like all great men, he had his political enemies, but in a nation’s gratitude. these are now passed away and we can scarcely believe that any ever existed. Mrs. Madison survived her husband thir- teen years, and proved a worthy wife for a noble husband. JAMES MONROE. FIFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. AMES MONROE was born April ss 1858, upon his father’s plan- Like all the Presidents who had preceded, his boy- hood was cne of wealth and refinement. tation in Virginia. He enjoyed the advantages of education. He entered college at the age of sixteen but left it before completing his course and enrolled himself as one of the army on behalf of his country. Later, he stud- PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 235 ied law in the office of Thomas Jefferson. He developed a noble character; firm, manly, sincere at all times. It is said that he abounded with kindliness of feel- ing and scorned everything ignoble. Through his manner he won the love of all who knew him, and when twenty-three was elected to the assembly of Virginia, and the next year was chosen delegate to Although al- most a boy, he proved himself in Congress ‘The French Revolution was now in progress, and as France had heiped the United the Continental Congress. a man with an eye to business. States in her struggle for liberty Wash- ington, who was president, sent Monroe to express sympathy to the French Govern- ment. Shortly after his return as embas- sador to France, he was elected Governor In 1809, he became Secre- tary of State under President Madison. of Virginia. His duties now were extremely arduous, as he was the most efficient man in Presi- dent Madison’s Cabinet. unselfishness regarding both his private He had singular interests and his political popularity, but he advocated every measure which his judgment would aid in securing the triumph of his country. In 1817, Mr. Monroe, thoroughly ac- quainted with all the affairs of the nation, succeeded James Madison to the Presi- dency. During the time that Monroe was at the head of our government all was peace and prosperity. He was a brave advocate of the freedom of slaves and his talk and speeches did much in ag- itating the question which finally brought On March 4, 1825, Mr. Monroe surrendered the Presidential Chair to his Adams, having occupied the place two the desired result. successor, John Quincy terms, and retired to his own home in Vir- ginia. He had, however, given so much time to the nation that his own affairs had JAMES MONROE. 1758-1831. Two Terms, 1817-1825. become neglected and he found himself heavily in debt. However, with dignity, he retired to his humble home, a poor man in real life, but rich in all that makes him dear to humanity. Mrs. Monroe was of such poor health that she seldom appeared But little is known of their In 1830, he took up his resi- dence with his son-in-law in New York and died on the 4th of July, 1831, at the age of seventy-five years, in public. children. 236 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. SIXTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. OHN QUINCY ADAMS was | born July 11, 1767, in Quincy, Mass. father, John Adams, our second Pres- ident of the United States. His mother was a woman of excellent worth. Much has been said of his When eleven, John bade good-bye to mother and went with his father on a trip, spending one year and a half in Paris. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 1767-1848. Two Terms, 1825-1829. A little later he took another trip abroad, again accompanied by his father. He ap- plied himself with great diligence to study, became acquainted with the most distinguished men. His education was such that when he returned to America he entered at the Harvard University at the age of nineteen. Upon leaving college, he studied law and, in 1790, opened a law It is said that the first year passed without success, the second year office in Boston. passed also, and still success did not crown his efforts. He must have been imbued with the idea that “all things come to him who can but wait” and he anxiously en- tered upon the third year. The reward came at last, and before the close of the ‘year he had more clients than he could well attend. He rose rapidly and occu- pied different positions of trust. While in Russia, Mr. Adams devoted his attention to the languages and history ; to Chinese trade; to the European system of weights and measures; to climate and astronomical observations. It is said, in all the Universities of Europe, a more fin- He once wrote to a friend, “I feel nothing ished scholar could not be found. like the tediousness of time, the time is too short for me rather than too long; if the day had forty-eight hours, rather than twenty-four, I could employ them all if I had but eyes and hands to read and write.” On the 4th of March, 1825, Mr. Adams took the Presidential chair. Like his father, he was a cold, severe man, and we may conclude that virtue does not always, in this world triumph, for although he was conscientious to the last degree, he still had many euemies. On the 4th of March, 1829, Mr. Adams retired from the Presidency and was suc- Mr. Adams retired to his old home at Quincy to enjoy ceeded by: Andrew Jackson. domestic life, but he was not permitted to remain in retirement long. Soon after he was elected to Congress, and as Dr. Con- well so beautifully says, “He thus recog- nized the Roman principles, that it is hon- orable for the general of yesterday to act as corporal to-day, if, by so doing he can render a service to his country.” Deep as are the obligations of our Republic to John Quincy Adams for his services as Ambassador, as Secretary of State and as President, in his capacity as Legislator in the House of Representatives, he confer- red benefits upon our land which eclipse PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 237 all coe rest. For seventeen years he occu- pied a position as Representative, ever ready to labor for right. On the 21st of February, 1848, he went to the House of Representatives to make a speech. A stroke of paralysis over-tock him, and he was caught in the arms of those around. He was conveyed to the rotunda and there lived only a short time. His last words were, ‘‘This is the end of the earth, I am content,” and there in the capitol, where he had labored and Thus He was triumphed, he breathed his last. ended the life of a noble man. gifted; a man of oratory and power, and the only man whose father had preceded him as President of the United States. With all his faults, the will ever love and hold him in high es- American people teem. ANDREW JACKSON. SEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. AX /2 Xow come to one who, per- haps, of all the Presidents, pos- sessed the greatest virtues and the greatest defects. President America had chosen who was not Andrew Jackson was the first from the ranks of intelligence, of culture and statesmanship. As we now look back upon his life, as recorded by different his- torians, we find that he was intense in his nature, slow to listen to the voice of rea- son and many times unjust; yet the masses of the people acknowledged Andrew Jack- son to be the most popular President, with the exception of Washington and Lincoln who ever occupied the Presidential chair. Born in poverty, is it strange that the man should lack the finer elements in the way He had, however, a heart, and with all his faults His of refinement and education. “we love him still.” father and 238 mother came in 1765 from Ireland to South They landed at Charleston and went 150 miles into the country and built They had just reared their cabin, made a little opening in the forest Carolina. a log cabin. and raised one crop, when the father and husband fell sick and died. This was just before little Andrew’s birth, and the mother took the two little boys, placed the corpse in a wagon beside her, buried the body, and then from the grave went to her sister’s. ANDREW JACKSON. 1767-1845. Two Terms, 1829-1837. The mother inafew days gave birth to Andrew, the child whose fame was to fill the civilized world. Pen could never describe the privation and suffering and sorrow the mother had in bringing up these children. told her that one day Andrew Jackson would be President of the United States, what hope, what courage might have been Could some good angel have given to her, but in this, as in all other PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. things, “‘God’s ways are past finding out,” and the mother struggled as but few moth- ers could. Andrew grew up rough, rude and wild. His features were coarse and When Andrew went to school in a log cabin, he learned to his form ungainly. read; spelling was something he never learned. He also learned to write a little and became familiar with the fundamental This is about the sub- stance of his schooling. When fourteen, rules of arithmetic. slender and weak from his rapid growth, a band of Tories made a midnight attack ‘upon the house when Andrew was guard. As a final result he and his brother were taken prisoners, not, however, until they had been seriously wounded. They were carried forty miles; on the way were allowed no food or water; were put in a prison without beds and without medical attendance. There several days and nights of misery passed. Small-pox broke out, and the dying and dead were altogether. Mrs. Jackson heard of her boys’ suffering and finally succeeded in getting their re- lease. Robert, who was the weaker of the two, she put upon a horse, but Andrew was obliged to walk all the way home bare- headed, bare-footed, clothed in rags, so weak that he could scarcely drag one limb Shortly after Robert died. Andrew, however, recovered, but only to after another. learn of his mother’s death, as a result of a fever. We will hasten over what fol- PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 239 a lowed. It seemed to be a struggle upon struggle. He was first a teacher, lawyer, slave owner, judge, major-general and President of the United States. It is re- corded that he fought duels, attended cock fights, gambled and drank, but underneath it all, he had a heart, tender as a woman’s and strong as a patriot’s. He married Mrs. Roberts, a gay, lively and dashing woman in the western country. Not being blessed with children, they adopted two, Andrew With all his im- pulsiveness he was tenderness itself in his which were to them as their own. Jackson loved his wife. home. By some mysterious power General Jackson acquired manners of the most re- fined and polished gentleman. He pos- sessed a dignity and courtliness with ami- ability which would have rendered him con- spicuous in any of the Courts of Europe. _ At the time of his election as President of the United States, 1828, he met with an affliction, the loss of his wife whom he loved with a tenderness perhaps never sur- passed. He became subdued in spirit, and every night read a prayer from his wife’s prayer book. His administration was one of the most memorable in the annals of our country. Noman had more bitter en- emies or warmer friends. He held the office of President for two terms. Just he called all of his family, even his slaves, and bid them fare- He said: both black and white, in Heaven.” before his death well. “JT want to meet you all, Soon after this, without a struggle, he ceased to breathe. Three thousand assembled on the lawn, in front of his house, to pay their last respects. His was a life of struggle, but not without its victories. MARTIN VAN BUREN. EIGHTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. ARTIN VAN BUREN was born SK ne 20 of December, 1782. His father was a farmer, residing in the old town of Kinderhook, New York. His ancestors were of Dutch origin and were among the early settlers on the banks of the Hudson. hood, he developed unusual activity and Tn his boy- at the age of fourteen had finished his school in the academy of his own town and commenced the study of law. Not having a collegiate course, it took him seven years before he was admitted to the bar. very handsome and had shining abilities. Martin, at the age of twenty, was He married a lady who was noted for her accomplishments but, after twelve years of married life, she died with consumption. For twenty-five years, Martin Van Buren wag They were blessed with four sons. PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. TT, an earnest and successful lawyer and then the political affairs of State demanded his When thirty years of age, Later he became Secretary of State under Jack- attention. he was chosen to the State Senate. MARTIN VAN BUREN. 1782-1862. One Term, 1837-1841. son. In 1836, Mr. Van Buren received the Democratic nomination, to succeed Gen. Jackson, as President of the United States, a position which he occupied for four years, but on account of party feeling was not re-elected. One of the funda- mental principles of his life was never to give offense and never to appear to He was ever polite to his friends and enemies. There is but little in the life of Mr. Van Buren of He fought no battles His was a stormy life, from a political stand- notice an injury. romantic interest, and engaged in no wild schemes. point, but after all his days passed un- eventful in those things which give zest to history. At the time of his retirement from the presidential chair he had accu- mulated a competence for his declining When Mr. Van Buren retired from the Presidency, he returned to his home years. and resided as a gentleman of leisure, of culture and of wealth. He lived to a vigorous old age, and was considered by his friends and the people at large as a great and good man. His life went out like a candle on July 24, 1862, at the age of eighty years. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Que banks of the James river, in : Virginia, in the town of Berkley, February 9, 1773, William Henry Harrison first saw the light of day. His father, Benjamin Harrison, was a distinguished man. In the assembly of Congress, 1775, Benjamin Harrison and John Hancock were both candidates for the office of Mr. Harrison yielded to Mr. Hancock, and seeing that he modestly hes- itated to take the chair, Mr. Harrison, who was a large man, and of great strength, speaker. with characteristic good nature and play- fulness, siezed Mr. Hancock in his arms PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. and carried him as though he were a child, to the seat of honor. Then turning around with his smiling face he said to his laughing associates, “Gentlemen, we will show Mother Britain how little we care for her, by making a Massachusetts From this little an- ecdote you will learn that the family were man our President.” full of fun and never lost an opportunity His son, William Henry Har- rison, enjoyed all the advantages which He received a thorough education, and after for a joke. position and education could give. completing his course at College, went to Philadelphia to study medicine. Harrison was not strong, but being temperate was enabled to bear the hardships and endure the privations which became so necessary, and which he encountered in his life as a soldier. We have not time here to relate all the bloody scenes he encountered while rising from boyhood to President of the United States. He became, in time, Governor of Virginia, The Indians were hostile. and while at his post here, he, on one oc- casion desired to learn the facts relative to the Indian troubles. invitation for Tecumseh and the tribe to He sent an urgent visit him. .Tecumseh, in proud array, with four hundred plumed warriors, ar- rived. The Governor was attended with the Judges of the Supreme Court, a few armed officers and a number of citizens. Tecumseh said that he had no intention 241 of making war, but declared that it was his intention to combine all the tribes for the purpose of putting a stop to further That not another acre of land would be ceded with- This statement led to remonstrances on the part encroachment of the Whites. out the consent of all the tribes. of Governor Harrison.. As he was speak- ing, Tecumseh interrupted him, and, in angry tones, declared that he had cheat- ed the Indians. Immediately his warriors WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 1773-1841. One Month, 1841. sprang to their feet and began brandishing their war clubs in a threatening manner. Governor Harrison rose from his chair and drew his sword. The army officers gathered round him and the guard came rushing forward ready to open fire upon the Indians; calmly ordered them not to fire, then turn- but Governor Harrison ing to Tecumseh he told him that further communication was not necessary, but 242 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES that he could depart unharmed. In the morning, Tecumseh called upon the Gov- ernor, expressed regret for his conduct the day before. . 1 Time passed on and Harrison became a great General. Simplicity followed his every movement. He won the love of his soldiers by always sharing with them their fatigue. ecuting the foe, he carried in his valise, and his bedding consisted of a single blanket thrown over his saddle. To be eminently great, it is necessary to be emi- nently good. The qualities of the hero and of the General must be devoted to mankind before he will be permitted to assume the title of benefactor; thus it is that the fame and veneration which was entertained for this man, was of a kind which will not soon die. Later in life, he His whole baggage, while pros- settled in Indiana and it was from this State that he was elected President of the United States, when he was in the sixty- A vast concourse attended his inauguration. He had, at the head of his Cabinet, Daniel Webster, This was the seventh year of his age. as Secretary of State. most brilliant Cabinet that was ever form- ed. The prospects of the Administration were flourishing, but ‘in the midst of life there is death.’ President only one month when he was General Harrison was taken sick with a fever and died on April 4, 1840. national calamity. His death was regretted as a Not a single spot could be found to sully the brightness of his fame. Throughout all time, the name of William Henry Harrison will be spoken with love and reverence. He was a great and a good man. JOHN TYLER. TENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. OHN TYLER was the favored | child of affluence and high social position. His father was wealthy and owned a large estate in Virginia. John was born March 29, 1790; was well educated. study of law. His success was rapid. It At nineteen, he began the is said that only a few months had elapsed ere there was scarcely a case in the courts an which he was not retained. When twenty-one years of age, he was almost unanimously elected to a seat in the State He was twice married. His In 1844 he was married to Miss Julia Gardner, Legislature. first wife died in Washington. a young lady of personal and intellectual accomplishments. Strange as it may seem, President Harrison, who had preceded him, belonged to the Whig party and his Vice- President, John Tyler, was a Democrat. PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Tyler had been Vice-President only one short month when President Harrison died, and thus Mr. Tyler found himself, to his own surprise and that of the whole nation, occupying the Presidential chair. General Harrison’s Cabinet was a Whig Cabinet and it was a question with Tyler whether he, being a Democrat, should retain the Whig Cabinet. round himself with a council whose views Should he sur- were antagonistic to his own? Or, on the other hand, should he turn against the party who had elected him. This was a It is generally believed that Tyler deserved fearful state for him to consider. more charity than he received. He issued an address to the people, carefully worded, He invited the Cabinet to retain their seats and he recom- which gave satisfaction. mended a day of fasting and asked God to guide and bless them. Later, however, troubles came up which caused the Cab- inet to resign, and throughout the four years of Mr. Tyler’s administration it was one of misfortune. No one was satisfied, the land was flooded with disturbances; peace was nowhere to be found. Unfor- tunately, for the country during Tyler’s administration government generals con- tinued to the great hindrance of public business. However two events marked a new era in our country. They were the invention of the electric telegraph, and the use of ether in surgery. One opened up bo = Us methods of communication, the other re- lieved human suffering. But time wore Mr. Polk successor, President Tyler retired to his on, and when became his own home. From the beginning to the end of his career, he was an earnest advo- cate of slavery. It is said, with plenty of means for the exercise of great hospi- tality, he might have enjoyed a serene old age were it not for the storms of the civil war, which his own principles had JOHN TYLER. Part of One Term, 1841-1845. 1790-1862. helped to introduce. The great rebellion came on, President Tyler renounced his allegiance to the United States and joined the Confederates. He was chosen head of their Congress, and while actively engaged in this work was taken sick and died. The memory of John Tyler must, forever, be associated with all misery and crime of the great rebellion, whose cause he always defended. JAMES KNOX “PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. POLK. ELEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. @IKE many Presidents, Polk was a = of great ability. He was born in North Carolina on the 2d of November, 1795. of Scotch-Irish descent. His parents were They came to this country when an unexplored wilder- ness and settled down upon the farm. Un- like many of his predecessors his boyhood was not one of wealth, but of toil. In the JAMES K. POLK. 1795-1849. One Term, 1845-1849. common schools he rapidly became master of all the branches. on, and stop just long enough to say that But we must hurry he was first, clerk, then lawyer, legislator, | Congressman, Governor and finally Pres- ident. great orator, in fact he was called the During all these years he was a Napoleon of America. He was a man of unblemished morals, genial and with a sympathetic nature that won the love of all with whom he came in contact. He was full of smiles as well as sympathy. This no doubt gave him the strong influence which followed him through life He married Miss Sarah Childress, of Tennessee. She, too, was a favorite in society. Many anecdotes are told of her wit and how her smiles always brought good feeling and friendship to their home at the White House. March 4, 1845, Mr. Polk became Pres- ident of the United States. ing his admistration that Texas was added It was dur- to the Union. Like many Presidents who had preceded him, his work was not one The bloody war with Mexico proved that be- of entire sunshine, but of trials. fore victory there must be a battle. In 1849, Mr. Polk retired from the presi- He He possessed a good fortune, a choice library, dental chair, having served one term. was then fifty-four years of age. a cultivated mind, and having a happy domestic life, it seemed as though long years of happiness might be his, but as fate would have it, while he was ona trip up the Mississippi, that dreadful disease, cholera, took possession of his system. PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. He was just ready to enter a beautiful new home in Nashville. In looking after the improvements of his grounds and giving instructions to his gardner, he began to feel more and more the effects of disease Med- ical aid was of no avail and he sank from which was slowly creeping on. 215 day to day, and at last died without a . President Polk left no children, but he was mourned by a large concourse struggle. of friends, and a devoted wife. Like many others, he felt the need of Christianity, and just before his death, received the rite of baptism. ZACHARY TAYLOR. TWELFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. ACHARY TAYLOR was born in - Orange County, Virginia, on November 24, 1784. While a baby his father and mother moved to Ken- tucky. As the country became settled the father took an active part in the politics of that section. Zachary did not enjoy social advantages. He attended only the com- mon school, but manifested a strong, fear- Later he joined the United States Army, and soon after married Miss less character. Margaret Smith, a young lady from one of the leading families of Maryland. We could go into detail, and give our readérs a long history of the battles fought and victories won throughout the army life of young Taylor, but space will admit of only a hurried story. He was first known in the battle of 1812 with the Indians; he later was identified with the Mexicans rel- ative to settling the boundary line of Texas. He endured hardships, privations, but was always a soldier of great bravery At the battle of Buena Vis- ta General Taylor showed a bravery sel- and courage. dom equaled. A Mexican messenger ap- peared with a flag of truce, it was a sum- mon for General Taylor’s army to surren- ZACHARY TAYLOR. 1784-1850. Part of One Term, 1849-1851. der, saying that 20,000 Mexicans were on his front and rear. ‘Were there twice that number,” General Taylor quietly re- marked, “it would make no difference.” Then the answer was given by his men, 246 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. et “General Taylor never surrendered.” It was the 22d of February, 1847. The battle soon commenced—a battle of ten In the midst of the tu- mult General Taylor rode up to the bat- hours’ duration. tery, and, in tones as calm as though he were at home said, “A little more grape, Captain Bragg.” At the end of the day about 2,000 Mexicans had fallen, while only about 700 Americans had lost their The Americans supposed that on the morrow lives. Both sides were worn out. the battle would be continued, but on the morrow the Mexican army had fled. From this Gen. Taylor rapidly rose to the head of our country. He was not an eloquent speaker or a fine writer, but the popularity of the successful warrior filled the land, and he was triumphantly elected Vresi- dent of the United States in 1849, much to his own surprise and also of the leading He found politi- cal conflicts in Washington more trying politicians of the land. than the wars with the Indians and Mexi- cans. In the midst of all these troubles, General Taylor, after he had occupied the Presidential chair a little over a year, took a cold, and, after five days’ illness, died on July 9, 1850. His farewell words were, “Tam not afraid to die; I am ready; I have endeavored to do my duty.” He was universally respected as an honest, unpre- tending and unlearned man. He was a great soldier, and had the foundation of a It is said of him, “ he left behind not an enemy in the world.” great character. MILLARD FILLMORE. THIRTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. N EARLY boyhood there was noth- A ing in the character of Millard Fill- more to indicate the brilliant career upon which he was soon to enter. He was a plain farmer boy. His people were poor. Millard Fillmore was born January 7th, in the year 1800, in Cayuga County, New York. reverence the Bible, and thus was laid the He had been taught at home to foundation of a good character. At the age of fourteen he was sent away from He home to learn the trade of clothier. spent his evenings in reading, his leisure time with books, and as time went on, there gradually sprang up in his heart a desire to be something more than a toiler with his hands, and before he knew it he was an ed- His mother died when he She lived to see him aman of prominence, but never ucated man. was thirty-one years of age. realized that he would one day stand at the head of the nation. He was poor—no money with which to start in life, and a friend, seeing his ability, offered to loan PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 247 young Fillmore money to open up a law office and begin the study of law. During the winter months he taught school, so as to return the money at an earlier date, than he feared he could had he to depend alone on his ability asa lawyer. In 1826, he mar- ried a lady of moral worth, Miss Abigail Powers. Later he moved to Buffalo and became a member of one of the leading firms of that city. In 1832, he was elected He entered the arena at a threatening hour of our na- United States Congressman. tional history. Was twice a member of Congress and became a man of wide repute and popularity all over the country. Was Vice-President under Zachary Taylor, and on the 9th of July, 1850, when President Taylor, after one year and four months’ ad- ministration died, the honors fell into the hands of Willard Fillmore. He appointed an able cabinet, of which the illustrious Daniel Webster was Secretary of State. It was at this time that the great question of He did all in his power to conciliate the South, slavery was troubling all minds. but the slavery party felt that the measures were inadequate. On the 4th of March, 1853, Mr. Fill- more, having served one term, retired from office. After his retirement, he tooka trip through the South, and in making a speech at Vicksburg, said: ‘Canada is knock- ing for admission into the Union, Mexico would be glad to come in; without saying whether it would be right or wrong we 1800-1874. Part of One Term, 1850-1853. stand by with open arms to receive them; for it is the destiny of this Government to eventually embrace the whole North Amer- ican Continent.” Toward the last he lived a retired life and died in Buffalo, New York, March 8, 1874, at the age of seventy- five years. FRANKLIN PIERCE. FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. T IS now our pleasure to record a Pres- ident from the little State of New Hampshire. Franklin Pierce was born November 23, 1804, at Hills- borough. His father had hewn out a home in the wilderness; he was a man of great integrity, uncultivated in mind. but honest to a penny. Would never support 248 anything which he could not endorse. When offered a fine position in the army with England against the French, Mr. Pierce replied, ‘No gentlemen, poor as I am, and acceptable as would be the po- sition under other circumstances, I would sooner go to yonder mountains, dig a cave and live on roasted potatoes.” His upright character gave him a great influence every- where and with such a father and with a prudent, affectionate and kind hearted FRANKLIN PIERCE. 1804-1868. One Term, 1853-1857, mother, Franklin Pierce could not help but Franklin was a handsome boy, warm hearted and become a great and a good man. loving in every respect. His playmates at school loved him, his teachers loved him and in fact the old and young everywhere always had a kind word for Franklin Pierce. When sixteen he entered college at Brunswick, Maine. After graduating he began the study of law, rose rapidly PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. and was soon a representative in the State Legislature. At the age of twenty-nine At thirty-three he was elected United States Senator—the youngest member of that body. speaker and withal so good tempered and he became a member of Congress. He was a fluent and graceful gracious that his speeches lingered in the ears of both parties long after the sound had died away. In 1834, he married Miss Jane Appleton, a lady fitted to adorn any position which her husband might occupy. In 1838, Mr. Pierce moved to Concord. It is said that he was never known to insult or frighten a witness, he had other means to draw out the desired effect. Later he entered the army and received distinction as a General. On the 4th of March, 1853, he was inaug- urated President of the United States. His administration proved one of the most stormy our country has ever experienced. The contest between slavery and freedom was approaching its zenith. Towards the close of his term the North had become alienated from him and a feeling had also come up with the South, and as a result, James Buchanan succeeded him as Pres- ident of the United States. Pierce then returned to his home at Con- Out of three children who had been born to him, two had died and one had been killed in a railway accident. —— President cord, New Hampshire. His wife was now sink- PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 249 ing with consumption, and the hour of gloom came on, and he was left alone in the world without wife and without child- ren, It is said that he was generous to a fault and contributed liberally for the re- He died in October, 1869, fully prepared to meet those who lief of suffering. had gone before. JAMES BUCHANAN. FIFTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. AMES BUCHANAN was born in 7 a wild and romantic spot in. the mountains, in Franklin Co., Pa., April 23, 1791. cabin made dear by hard work and love. He came to this country in early times and It was an humble His father was of Irish descent. married the daughter of a farmer, and settled in this wilderness. James remained in this secluded spot eight years, enjoying few or no advantages. He was taught to be industrious, to use good judgment, and to study nature. When eight years of age, his father moved to Mercersburg, His progress was rapid, and at the age of four- teen he entered college at Carlisle. When eighteen he graduated with the highest and James attended public school. honors of his class. He was a beautiful young fellow, tall, graceful, lively and withal fine physique. When twenty-one years of age he was admitted to the bar. Very rapidly he arose in his profession and became one of the first lawyers of the State. He was elected to Congress and his speeches showed care in preparation and were noted for depth of thought and persuasive eloquence. Buchanan was at heart a Republican. The friends of slavery were on one side and the advocates of restriction and its Mr. His popularity abolition on the other. Buchanan was opposed to slavery. grew, and he was inaugurated President JAMES BUCHANAN. 1791-1868. One Term, 1857-1861. of the United States, March 4, 1857. The crowd which attended the inauguration was immense and the enthusiasm which took place at that time has never been surpassed. He was a man without a peer in culture, ability and purity. His admin- 250 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. istration should have been a great success. His long experience as legislator fitted him to fill any station in life, but he was now almost seventy, and, as the storm increased in violence, the slave leaders claimed their Mr. claimed that Congress had no power to right to secede, and Buchanan prevent it. One of the most pitiable ex- hibitions of governmental mistakes was made known that the world has ever wit- nessed. Unlike Andrew Jackson, who said, “The Union must and shall be pre- served.” It was a lamentable state of affairs, but at last the hour of deliverance came, and the power fell into the hands of Abraham T.incoln, who presided with a dig- nity and energy becoming the chief ruler of one of the greatest nations on the On March 4, 1861 James Bu- chanan retired from the presidental chair, globe. and Abrabam Lincoln took his place. President Buchanan’s best friends even look upon his administration as a fail- He died at his beautiful home, June Ist, He might, with a few words, have made the ure. returned to his state and at the age of seventy-one years. nation great, but those words never came. It is just possible that it was the result of destiny, so, let us hope this was the case, ‘and still give honor to Mr. Buchanan as a man, and not refer to his faults as a leader. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. SIXTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. ie of greatness are often kindled by a little flame. poverty, reared amid trials and schooled by Born in experience, Abraham Lincoln beat onward to victory, with a purpose born of Heaven. His lowly origin, his poverty, his priva- tions, and the feeling of kindness with which, throughout his life, he met all classes of men, gave him a place in the hearts of the American people never held by any other American. Abraham Lincoln’s grandfather was shot by the Indians in the wilderness of Kentucky. His widow, with five children, struggled along as no one knows how. Thomas, the youngest of these boys, was four years old when his father died, and, without education and the poorest of the poor, he grew up, as all boys eventually do, to the age of activity. He could neither read nor write, but when old enough to do something was compelled to leave home and start out in the world to secure work. He married Nancy Hanks, daughter of an- other poor family. They built a log cabin and in time came their second son, Abra- Little did they dream that this boy was destined one day to become ham Lincoln. PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 251 United States. His She would evenings, and Abraham President of the mother was a good woman. read to him once said, “ All that I am or hope to be I owe to my angel mother.” When eight years old they moved to In- diana, and it was here that his mother died. Bitterly Abraham wept as his moth- er was carried to her last resting-place. He wrote a letter to a minister one hund- red miles distant and asked him to preach the funeral sermon. Did that minister re- fuse? back, and the neighbors and families for twenty miles around also came to pay their respects to that noble woman. As years rolled on, changes came. They He did all sorts of work, whatever was honorable, and moved to Macon County, IIL gradually rose, until he became chief mag- istrate of the land. He was many times elected State Legislator, and finally Pres- ident, in 1809. poverty, Mr. Lincoln studied law, and During his struggles with finally rose to be one of the best speakers of the country. In the great Convention on June 16, 1860, when it finally be- came announced that Abraham Lincoln had received the nomination, we cannot better describe it than in the words of Mr. Holland: nated. After a moment’s pause, like the “The excitement had culmi- sudden and breathless stillness that pre- cedes a hurricane, the storm of wild and No; he came all the way on horse- | almost insane enthusiasm descended. The scene surpassed description. During all the ballotings a man had been standing on the roof, communicating the results to the outsiders, who, in surging masses, far outunmbered those who had been packed in the Wigwam, where the Convention was held. When the results were decided one of the men shouted, ‘Fire the salute! Abraham Lincoln is nominated!’ Then, as the cheering in the inside died away, ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 1809-1865. Two Terms, 1861-1865 (Died while President.) the roar became on the outside like the voice of many waters. This the insiders heard; to which they replied. Thus, deep called to deep with such a frenzy of en- thusiasm that even the thundering salute of the cannon was unheard by many on the platform.” Mr. Lincoln was at this time at Springfield awaiting the result. When the news was carried to him he said, “There is a little woman on Highth bo Ot lo Street who has some interest in this matter;’ so, putting the telegram in his pocket, he hurried home. Election day came. It said that on March 4, 1861, Mr. Lincoln was the man to enter the Presidential chair. . Four years of war passed slowly and PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. sadly away. Another Presidential election came. The rebellion was drawing to a close, Abraham Lincoln was again made President, and on March 4, 1865, he was inaugurated. On April 3, 1865, the last act was accomplished which ended the war. Slavery was dead and the country, EARLY HOME OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN, GENTRYVILLE, IND. cemented in Freedom, was stronger than ever. The work of Freedom went on, but strange and sad to relate that, in the midst of the nation’s joy, Abraham Lin- coln’s life was taken for that of his coun- try. On the 14th of April, General Grant made a flying trip to Washington. The manager of Ford’s Theatre invited the President and General Grant to witness a play that evening. To assist in drawing a crowd, it was announced on the play- PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 253 bills, that they would both be present. General Grant did not remain, but Presi- dent Lincoln, with his usual kindness of spirit, consented to go and, with his wife and two friends, took his seat in the pri- vate box reserved for them. The house was full, and the President was greeted He had taken his seat and was intently listening, when an actor, by the name of John Wilkes Booth, reached the door of the box, presented a with applause. pistol and fired a bullet through his brains. Mr. Lincoln lost consciousness. There was a stampede, but the assassin escaped, Help was of no avail. Abraham ANDREW SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENT ‘ NDREW JOHNSON, the sketch of whose life we now give, was born the 19th of Lecember, 1808, in Ra- leigh, North Carolina. Like Andrew Jack- son, he was born in poverty, amid destitution Like Andrew Jackson, also, at heart, he was a Democrat, but unlike and friendliness. him, there seemed to be two sides to his na- ture, and his name has gone down through history as disloyal to his country. In boy- hood he was apprenticed to a tailor and followed this work for several years. In 1826,he moved with his mother to Greenville, East Tennessee, and here he married a young lady of estimable charac- Lincoln had passed into eternity. Strong men wept, and is it too much to say that the whole nation wept? The news spread abroad, and the “ Lon- ? don Spectator,” in announcing the fact, said, “The best if not the ablest man ruling over any country of the civil- It is hard to believe that Divinity was back of all this, ized world has gone.” yet through the efforts of Abraham Lin- coln, England and America became united by brotherly love, and freedom ruled our land. A wife, three children, and a whole nation mourned his loss. It is without saying that Abraham Lincoln had no equal. JOHNSON. OF THE UNITED STATES. ter, who was much his superior in jwmt of education and who became his teacher in While he worked at his trade she would read, and reading, writing and arithmetic. in the evenings teach him the different branches of learning. His advancement was rapid, and from this humble position he became in time Alderman, Mayor, State In 1843, he was elected member of Congress; later, Legislator and State Senator. Governor, and, in 1857, he became United States Senator and Vice-President at Lin- coln’s last election. After Lincoln’s death, and when the power of administration fell into his hands, he seemed to have lost favor rapidly, and instead of carrying out the good work begun by President Lincoln, became one of the first advocates in favor of slavery. It seemed for a time as if the good work commenced by Lincoln would almost have its downfall with Johnson. It ANDREW JOHNSON. 1808-1875. Part of One Term, 1865-1869. finally resulted in his issuing an order to remove Secretary Stanton from office, to which he had been appointed by President Lincoln, and substitute in his place General Thomas Secretary Stanton, in harmony PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. with the advice of Congress, refused to surrender the post, and President John- son, by threats, endeavored to force him to yield. This brought matters to such a crisis that an impeachment of the Presi- dent was decided upon. The trial was a tedious one, lasting nearly three months. Thirty-five voices pronounced him guilty; nineteen declared him not guilty. As a two-thirds vote was necessary to condemn him, he was pronounced not guilty. It re- quired but one vote more to have made | him guilty of impeachment. The remain- , der of his term was one of unpleasantness. He was but little regarded by Congress. Soon his office expired, and Andrew John- son retired to his own home in Greenville, Tenn. Later in life he was stricken with paraiysis and died July 31, 1875, at the age of sixty-seven years. It is unfortu- nate that he should have taken the course he did, for it was a great opportunity for a man to immortalize his name. Failing in this he must have had many regrets. ULYSSES S. GRANT. EIGHTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. | esse GRANT was born on the 29th of April, 1822, at Point Pleasant, Ohio. When a boy he received acommon school education. His parents were poor, and as you will see in the pic- ture, his home was humble. His parents were Christian people, and he grew up a solid, sensible young fellow. He gradu- — ated at West Point. Served in the Mexican war and was promoted from time to time At the opening of the Civil War he raised a com- for meritorious conduct in battle. PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. bo it ot pany of soldiers in Illinois, of which State he was then a citizen. The success which attended the Union army, after they passed under the command of General Grant, made him a popular idol and a candidate for the Presidency in the year 1869. For General Grant’s bravery a vote was passed by Congress expressing the thanks of that body. A gold medal was also or- dered to be struck off and presented to him, but with all the honors conferred upon him, it is said that he never made a speech. GRANT'S EARLY HOME. He was emphatically a man of deed, not of word. The only speech recorded that he ever made was in St. Louis, when he said: ‘Gentlemen, speech-making is not my business; I never did it in my life, and I never will. I thank you, however, for your attendance here.” He was modest in every particular. His fame as a general was recognized throughout the world, and although he had no experience in the civil affairs, he had the tact to call into his cab- net men of great ability, and while he may 256 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. have been misled by designing men, his administration was so popular that he was re-elected asecond term. ULYSSES 8. GRANT. 1822-1885. Two Terms. 1869-1877. During his second term the first Pacific railroad was completed. Representatives from all the seceded States were admitted to Congress. It was during his adminis- tration that the great fire of Chicago ov- curred and the panic of unprecedented severity occurred. The Centennial Expo- sition also took place in Philadelphia. Soon after the close of the second term, General Grant took a trip to the Old World, being everywhere received with greatest honor. His trip was one of ovation from the time he landed at Liverpool until he returned to Galena, Ill. Later he took up his home in New York, and there resided until overtaken by the disease which ended his lifein 1885. General Grant left a wife, several children and a nation to mourn his loss. Many political enemies considered him fond of praise and flattery—possibly he was—but after all he was a great man. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES NINETEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. [e antecedents of Rutherford B. Hayes can be traced back three hundred years. Rutherford was born in Ohio, on October 14, 1822, about three months atter the death of his father. At that time Rutherford was a weak child, and the neighbors would some- Delaware, times say to his mother, “Stick to him; you have got him along so far, and I should not wonder if he would grow up to some- thing yet.” ‘You need not laugh,” said Mrs. Hayes, ‘wait and see. You cannot tell but that I shall make him President of the United States yet.’’ The boy lived on, and when seven years old he entered school. He grew up with a gentle dispo- sition, and a delicate consideration for the feelings of others, marked traits of charac- ter which followed him through life. In time he became a successful lawyer, Brig- adier-General of the United States army, and was twice elected- Governor of Ohio. He was not by any means conspicuous as a national leader, and when his nomina- PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 257 a tion was made by the Republican party as President of the United States, it was a great surprise. In 1877, he was inaugu- rated President of the United States, and it became satisfactory to all people. At twenty-nine years of age he married Miss Lucy Webb, a young lady from Chilli- cothe, who was a noble, pure-hearted wo- man. The marriage was a fortunate one. Not one of all the Presidents’ wives was more universally loved and respected than Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes. To-day, in the White House, in the great East room, there hangs two pictures, and two only, of the wives of our Presidents; those are Mrs. Hayes occupies her place of honor entirely through her views and efforts in behalf of Mary Washington and Mrs. Hayes. temperance. With pleasantness and yet with decision did she, under all circum- stances, object to having wine served in her home. During Mr. Hayes’ administration, he gave to the nation peace and prosperity, JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD and the Government was carried on so qui- etly that it scarcely seemed necessary to With modesty seen, he have an executive power. and quietude seldom laia RUTHERFORD B. HAYES. 1822-1893. One Term, 1877-1881. down the office he had held with such success, after administra- four years’ tion, and retired to his country home in Ohio, from which place he soon after died, following his wife, who had gone before him only a few years, and whom he ex- pected soon to meet. TWENTIETH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. born November 19, 1831, in the town of Orange, Ohio. ei AMES ABRAM GARFIELD was His sur- roundings, in early life, were as simple as - the back woods’ life could make them. ‘He lived in a little log cabin, in a little clearing made from a large forest. The yard was covered with stumps and the little place they called their “farm” did not include much more than two acres, Their fare was simple, their chairs rude, and the floor contained only slabs from 258 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. the forest. Their food was simply wild game, wheat or corn cracked in a mortar. Thus the struggle went on, and from pov- erty James A. Garfield rose to be the first man of the nation. Sometimes it is the very necessity of things that brings out a man’s sterling qualities. From the out- JAMES A. GARFIELD. 1831-1881. Part of One Term, 1881. set, the life of James was one of hard work. He developed a habit of industry and a physical strength which afterward ‘made him a man among men. His life throughout was similar to that of Abra- ham Lincoln’s. He had, however, the advantage of early contact with cultivated people. He had opportunities later in © the way of education, which he improved to the utmost, and finally graduated at William’s College. he was promoted to the rank of Major- In entering the army General. Later, he entered Congress and still later, was chosen Senator, but before taking his seat was elected President. Great hopes were entertained because of his high ability, and it was thought that his administration would be one of the most successful. We are all, however, doomed to diappointment, sooner or later. When he had been President only two months he was shot in the Pennsylvania depot, Washington City, by a disappointed office-seeker, and after two months of suf- fering, died. Public sympathy was ex- cited all over the United States. He left a wife, children, and a mother, to mourn his loss. Like all great men, James A. Garfield had a good mother. A mother whose life will go down into history with as much veneration as that of her noble son, CHESTER ALAN ARTHUR. _ TWENTY-FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. N a rude but happy home in the town of Fairfield, Vermont, Chester Alan Arthur was born, October, 5, 1830, His father was a preacher, and it is said was at this time receiving a salary of $330 ayear. Hisfather was a great assistance to him all through his boyhood days. Later, Chester went away to school, and during PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 259 the years in which he was receiving his education he taught school, and after fin- ishing his college course took up the study of law. Later in life he moved to New York, and in time married Miss Ella L. Hern- don, in 1853. It is said that Mrs. Arthur was one of the most excellent of all Amer- ican women. She died, January 12, 1880. During Arthur’s administration as Presi- dent, his sister, Mrs. McElroy, acted as At the time of his election as Vice-President of mistress of the White House. the United States, Arthur was not widely known outside of his own State, but was made candidate solely to retain the favor of a large portion of the Republicans of New York. He was considered a great politi- cal manager, yet knew very little how the Government was conducted. At the time of the assassination of President Garfield he was placed in an exceedingly delicate position, and fears were expressed by many people lest Arthur would not be equal to the emergency, but he managed the Government with a dignity and tact that astonished all who knew him, and be- fore he retired from the Presidential chair he had gained the respect of the entire country. It was during his term of office that Congress passed the Civil Service Act, providing for the appointment of sub- ordinate employes of the Government on CHESTER A. ARTHUR. 1830-1886. Part of One Term, 1881-1885. the basis of merit, ~ather than political in- fluence. Upon his retirement from office he again took up the practice of law in New York, but died shortly after the close of his term GROVER CLEVELAND. TWENTY-SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. ROVER CLEVELAND was a na- (Ss of New Jersey, but early in life moved to New York and became a citizen of Buffalo. He began the study of law at the age of eighteen, and connected himself with a popular law firm in that city. He became interested in politics early in life, and held local offices. In 1882 he was elected Governor of the State of New 260 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. York. At the time of his election as Pres- ident of the United States, the Govern- ment had been under the control of the Republican party for twenty-five years, and it was indeed a surprise to the people at large to know that a Democrat had GROVER CLEVELAND. 1837-——. Two Terms, 1885-1889-1893-1897, again been elected to fill the chief office of the nation. Nevertheless, Grover Cleve- land took the chairin 1885. One year af- ter his inauguration he was married to Miss Frances Folsom, of Buffalo, the wed- ding taking place at the White House. Miss Folsom was a young lady of keen judgment, and although much younger than President Cleveland, soon won the hearts of the people all over the land. The transfer of the Government from one power to another was a great hazard, but Grover Cleveland conducted the ad- ministration im a commendable manner. During his administration a law was passed forbidding Chinese laborers to em- igrate to this country. Strikes among the laboring classes were also largely extended | over the country, and in 1886 the An- archists’ riot in Chicago took place, and the feeling resulting therefrom has never yet died in the minds of the people. Mr. Cleve- land failed in a re-election, owing princip- ally to the issue of protective tariff. He left Washington in 1889, took up his residence in New York City, and again entered his profession, and pursued his work with zeal, until he was again called to the Presiden- tial chair after a lapse of four years BENJAMIN HARRISON. TWENTY-THIRD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. ees ye aes HARRISON is a na- | tive of Ohio, but like Mr. Cleve- S&S land, did not always remain in his netive State, but moved to Indiana and there became one of the leading lawyers. He is the grand-son of our ninth Pres- ident of the United States, and the great grand-son of one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and conse- quently Republican throughout. In 1862, he entered the Union army and received one promotion after another until, at the PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 261 close of the war, he reached the rank of In 1880, he became United States Senator, and was finally made President in the year 1889. Dur- ing his four years of administration, many Brigadier-General. BENJAMIN HARRISON. 1833———. One Term, 1889-1893. events took place which gave promise of great weight for the future of our coun- try. Under his administration six new States were added to the Union; tariff laws were revised; the efficiency of the Navy was increased, and the difficulty with England concerning seal fishing in Behr- ing Sea, was adjusted by a treaty provid- ing for arbitration. Benjamin Harrison At this date there were several questions at issue, occupied the chair one term. among them, the McKinley tariff which seemed like an important question, finally resulting in the defeat of the Republican party, again elected to become Chief Executive and ex-President Cleveland was of the nation, by an overwhelming major- ity. It was just before his retirement from the Presidential office that Mrs. Harrison, a woman loved by the people, breathed her last. dent Harrison retired to his own home in Shortly after Presi- Indianapolis and has since lived a retired life, except now and then to take a short trip with his daughter, Mrs. McKee and her children. 262 WILLIAM McKINLEY. WILLIAM M’KINLEY. Vas McKINLEY was born at Niles, Ohio, January 29th, 1843. His early life was marked by inci- dents common to the boys of his day and his station, excelling others mainly in en- ergy, faithfulness, perseverance and a spirit which led him to do with all his heart what- ever he undertook to do. In 1861, at the age of seventeen, he enlis- ted in the 23d Ohio Infantry. throughout the war, rising from the rank of He served private to that of major. As a private he was noted for endurance, bravery and ener- gy. As an officer he was calm, judicious, careful of his command and possessed of wise administrative capacity. . He returned to his home at the close of the war with a military record of which any man might be proud and which exercised no small influ- ence in his favor with the old soldiers in the late exciting presidential campaign. Returning from the army he studied law, graduating from the Albany Law School with high honors. He began the practice of law in Canton, Ohio, was elected Prose- cuting Attorney for his county. He served in Congress nearly fourteen years, but was excluded from the Fiftieth He was returned to the Fifty- first Congress, where he became the leader Congress. of the Republicau majority. In 1890 the McKinley tariff act was pass- ed, the bill taking its name from Mr. Mc- Kinley as the leader of the fight rather than as the author of the bill. In the fall of 1891 he was elected Gov- ernorof Ohio. To him this was a new field, but his success was as marked as in other directions. During his administration labor troubles were numerous, but in all cases he met the necessities of the hour unflinch- ingly, heroically and creditably to himself and tohis state. He served two terms, leav- ing the office January, 1896, with the good will of his state, and again took up his home in Canton: At the National Convention held in St. Louis in June, 1896, he was placed before the people for their suffrage. The bitter’ contest which followed is too recent to need repetition here. He was triumphantly elected in the following November and in- augurated March 4th, 1897. « DOWN THE RHINE. 263 DOWN THE RHINE. G HOSE who have never been down the + . . . Rhine,” said Mr. Gray one evening, “can scarcely conceive of the beauty and enchantment of the scenery along the route. Nearly every city or town at which we stopped is noted for its legend, its cas- Besides the famous towns there are the mountains, tle, its poem or its popular resort. the islands and the cottages which make the whole scene picturesque as one can imagine. Up the side of the mountains grow the grapes from which is made the famous wines known as the ‘ Rhine Wines.’ The boats which ply from town to town are also picturesque and usually filled with pleasure seekers, not only from Germany, near at hand, but almost every known coun- try. Upon these boats are served out-of- door lunches. Here can also be obtained a course dinner as elegant as one could wish. Here everyone sits out on deck, for while travel is cheaper by boat than by rail- road, yet one never tires of the scenery, and even though the trip is a business one, all naturally want to take advantage of the de- lightful scenery. One of the most amusing features is to watch and listen to the merry conversation. Perhaps the party to your right is conversing in French, another to your left in Italian, still others in English and others in German. Dress also is aconspicuous feature. Some MOUSE TOWER, RHINE. 264 MUSIC IN BATTLE. are tourists out for pleasure, drummers in quest of business, while frequently are to be seen peasants on a wedding trip. Much as I enjoyed my trip down the beautiful, blue Danube, and much as I have enjoyed the Hudson and our own rivers of America, there is none in the world that can compare with the Rhine.” MUSIC IN BATTLE. ET me write the songs of a Nation and * TI care not who makes its laws,” said a Greek general centuries ago when he had led his soldiers to victory, spurred on by the inspiring notes of battle song and trumpet blast. So potent was this influ- ence of music, that he pronounced it the strongest factor in inducing men to action. Just when music was recognized as a force in war is hidden in the unknown past. In battering down the walls of Jericho, Joshua’s warriors were inspired by the blasts from the ram’s horns in the hands of seven priests. The carved architecture of ancient Thebes shows that the drum was relied upon to lead the Egyptians to battle, Barbaric Goths and vandals, with blood- curdling yells, which roused those untrain- ed hordes to greater valor, swept over the plains of Italy filling the Roman legions with terror. Every school boy knows how ‘our American Indians were wont to work themselves into uncontrollable frenzy by their savage yells in tribal wars and attacks upon settlers. Every man and every wo- man, every boy and every girl, have felt their pulses thrill, their blood course faster under the martial strains of fife and drum and band, upon our Nation’s birthday. Why this is so, is explained in the laws that govern mentalaction. Men will some- times act under the influence of feeling or emotion when they can not be moved by reason or argument. As music appeals to one’s feelings, this explains part of it. Then, too, men can be trained to act in con- cert, where they cannot as individuals. To act in concert they must move in time, that is, at regular intervals, and music or rythm furnishes this. So it comes that soldiers are trained, first by commands until the different movements are learned, and then ANDREW JACKSON. 265 they perform these movements in concert, led by musical beats, whether it be trumpet blast, the beat of drum or human voice. On the Plains of Marathon, the Grecian phalanx moved in unison to the rythmic blast of the trumpet and put to rout the hitherto unconquered Persians, though out- At the battle of Waterloo the bugle sounded the charge and Napoleon’s cavalry, 35,000 strong, the finest troop the world had ever seen, and consid- numbered ten to one. ered invincible, rushed to defeat and death. Inspired by martial strains and war-cry, the van filled the waiting ditch with mingled horse and rider until a living bridge was formed, over which the rear could pass. Never before or since was the power of music in battle so terribly manifested. Every nation recognizes this power and gives it expression in its National Hymn. “God Save the Queen” will rouse an Eng- lishman to battle whenever he hears its strains, while “The Watch on the Rhine” The “ Marsailles” will nerve the Frenchman to deeds of valor, while “ Hail Columbia ” or the “Star Spangled Banner,” will kindle has no less influence on the German. martial fires in the veins of overy true American. Every war brings forth its own peculiar battle songs. In the civil war each side had its favorite. The Confederate army liked “Dixie’s Land,” “My Maryland,” while the Union soldiers liked nothing bet- ter than “John Brown’s Body lies a Moul- derin’ in the Ground,” or “ Rally ’round the Flag, Boys.” melodies and never will. Time has not blotted these ANDREW JACKSON’S BRAVERY. 4 HEN Andrew Jackson went to Tennessee to begin life as a law- yer it was an important part of his business to collect debts. There were some disputed claims to adjust. It requir- ed nerve. Many desperate men carried pistols and knives. The court-house in that county consisted of a hut of unhewn logs, without floor, door or window. Long journeys through the wilderness were nec- essary to reach the distant places where courts were held. During the first’ seven years of his residence in these wilds, he traversed these almost pathless forests be- tween Nashville and Jonesboro, a distance of two hundred miles, twenty-two times. Hostile Indians were constantly on the watch, and a man was liable at any moment to be shot down. the man for this service,—a wild, rough, He camped in the woods for twenty successive Andrew Jackson was just daring backwoodsman. sometimes 266 nights, not daring to shoot a deer, or to kin- dle a fire, lest he should attract the atten- tion of some roving band of savages. One night, after dark, he came to a creek, swollen by the rains to a roaring torrent. It was pitch-dark and the rain was falling in floods. He could not ford the stream; he dared not light a fire; it was not safe to He let his horse move about to browse. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. took off the saddle, placed it at the foot of a tree and sat upon it, wrapped his blanket over his shoulders, held his bridle in one hand and his rifle in the other, and thus, drenched with rain, and listening to the wail of the storm and the rush of the tor- rent, waited the dawn. He then mounted his horse, swam the creek, and proceded on his journey. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, OF ILLINOIS. OT HE superintendent of the Five Points’ : Sabbath-school relates the following incident in reference to Mr. Lincoln during his visit to that city: “One Sunday morning I saw a tall, remarkable looking man enter the room, and take a seat among us. He listened with fixed attention to our exercises, and his countenance expressed such a genuine interest that I approached him, and suggested that he might be wil- He accepted the invitation with evident pleas- ling to say something to the children. ure, and, coming forward, began a simple address, which at once fascinated every lit- tle hearer, and hushed the room into silence. His language was exceedingly beautiful, and his tones musical with intense feeling. The little faces would drop into sad convic- tion as he uttered sentences of warning, and would brighten into sunshine as he spoke cheerful words of promise. Once or twice he attempted to close his remarks; but the imperative shouts of ‘Go on! oh, do go on!’ As I looked upon the gaunt and sinewy frame of the would compel him to resume. stranger, and marked his powerful head and determined features, now touched into soft- ness by the impressions of the moment, IL: felt an irrepressible curiosity to learn some- thing more about him, and, while he was quietly leaving the room, I begged to know his name. ‘It is Abraham Lincoln, from Illinois”” He departed as quietly as he had entered. so YIOG Eee tein on x POO CN By A HOME IN CENTRAL ASIA. 267 A HOME IN CENTRAL ASIA. OT HE Round the World Club had gath- | ered in the pleasant parlor of Mr. Gray to hear some of uncle Ned’s ex- periences. For years he had traveled where his fancy led him, and the young people waited anxiously for him to begin. “Well, little knowledge-hunters,” said he, “this pleasant room, with its many com- forts and luxuries, its blazing grate, cush- ioned chairs, soft carpets, bric-a-brac from every land, pictures, statuary, books and piano, form a wonderful contrast to a peas- ant’s home in Tartary during a long ride in that bleak country. T have seen all sorts of homes in my trav- els, from the little burrows of the Samoie- des under the snow, in the far north of Rus- sia, to the holes in which the Arabs shelter themselves from the burning sun on the border of the African desert. But perhaps the queerest underground house that I ever saw was one that I fell in with upon the plains, or steppes, of Tartary, half-way across Central Asia. Wondrous strange places are those East- ern steppes; traveling over them is just like one of those unpleasant dreams in which you seem to be always flying along at full speed, without ever getting a bit nearer to the place where you are going. Day after day it is the same great waste of sand all around you, the same hot sun glar- ing down upon it, the same oven-like at- mosphere, the same little tufts of prickly brush here and there, the same bright, cloudless, burning sky, the same silence, and loneliness, and emptiness, as of some uninhabited world. There is nothing for you to do but to lie back in the straw that fills your wagon, and watch your sturdy lit- tle Tartar horses jogging on and on and on, over the endless level, and your driver, blinking his eyes in the blazing sunshine like an owl in the daylight, while the hot, prickly sand keeps getting into your hair, and into your eyes, into your shoes and alli over your skin, in a very uncomfortable way; and drink as often as you may, your thirst is never relieved. Once ina while, perhaps, you pass a stray camel, which turns its long neck to stare at you as if wondering what you can be doing there; or, may be come upon a Tartar tent, with three or four square, narrow-eyed, bullet-headed, sallow men, in greasy sheep- skins, lounging in front of it, where you pull up and shout for fresh horses, and take a long draught of milk out of a wooden bowl, and are off again in the silence and loneliness of the desert. Well, after about a week of this kind of work my wagon came to a sudden halt one 268 A HOME IN CENTRAL ASIA. morning about sunrise. Why we halted I | short arkan (lasso) round his bullet-head. could not make out at first, for there was | neither post-house or hut to be seen—not even a tent—and we seemed to be standing right out in the middle of the desert, with no sign of any one ever having been there before, except a great litter of trampled straw on the ground. But before I could say anything, a man’s face suddenly popped up through the earth—a broad, heavy, sun- burned face, with a thick yellow beard, lit- tle twinkling gray eyes, and nose as flat as if somebody had sat down upon it. Then followed a pair of broad shoulders, cased in a soiled linen frock. Next ap- peared a huge barrel of a body, ending in red goatskin pants and high boots drawn up to the knee; and before me stood a big, jolly-looking Russian, nodding to me as familiarly as if he had known me all his life. ‘Good morning, brother,’ said I, holding out my hand to him. ‘Good morning, father. Do you want horses?’ he replied. ‘Yes, as quick as possible.’ ‘All right—T'll send after them at once —Meesha!’ (Michael.) T turned round and saw at my elbow, as if he had risen through the earth too, a tall, gaunt, black-eyed Kieghiz, who was help- ing my driver to unharness the horses. In a moment he was astride of one of them, and rode off into infinite space, whirling his I shrugged my shoulders, knowing by sad experience that this meant a delay of two or three hours at least. In these sav- age wastes, no such thing as a stable is to be found; and the horses which were to draw me to the end of the next stage were grazing out on the open plain probably ten or twelve miles off! The postmaster seemed to guess my thoughts, and his big mouth widened into a knowing grin. ‘What’s to be done, father? we can’t man- age things out here upon the steppes as they do in Peter (St. Petersburg), you know. Better come down and have a glass of tea with me; you'll feel the better for it.’ So saying, he popped down again into the earth as suddenly as he popped up; and I, diving after him, found myself in a dark, narrow passage, sloping steeply downward, and so low that I had to bend almost double in order to enter it. This tunnel ended in a small, square room delightfully cool and shady after the blistering glare outside. Indeed, the change was so sudden that at first I could hardly make out where I was; but after a minute or two my eyes got used to the half-light and this is what I saw: In a farther corner was a huge stove faced with glazed tiles, and with the usual “‘bed-place ” on the top of it. An earthen floor, littered with various articles, includ- ing a hatchet, a coil of rope, two or three A HOME IN CENTRAL ASTA. 269 harness straps, and a heavy quilt, which, with its countless squares of patch-work, looked very much like a colored map of the United States. Underneath a kind of sky- light in the roof stood a battered stool and a rough deal table, on which were an ink- stand, a much blotted register, and a huge boiler-like samovar (tea-urn) which one meets in every Russian village from Poland to Kamschatka. On the wall above was a rough portrait of some Russian saint, with a tiny lamp burning before it, and a huge black roach taking a leisurely stroll around its gilt frame. On the other wall hung a sheepskin frock and a printed list of the regulations of the Russian post-service through Central Asia; and the picture was completed by one of those immense iron- clamped chests that swarm in the great bazaars of Kief and Moscow, painted with | stripes of vermillion; for the Russian is mightily fond of gay colors, and his very word for ‘beautiful’ (prekrasni) means literally ‘bright red.’ The tea-urn was soon heated, and with a few handfuls of cramp-biscuits from my store chest we made a, very tolerable break- fast; for the tea had kept its flavor despite a journey of several thousand miles on camel back, done up in ‘bricks’ weighing four to five pounds a piece. ‘Don’t you find it cold here in winter, my friend?’ I asked, refilling my tumbler for the third time. ‘Cold, father? not a bit,’ answered the ‘When the frost comes, I just light my stove—stuff a peasant with a sturdy laugh. bundle of straw into the passage, to keep the wind out—and here I am, as snug as a bear in a hollow tree.’ I had to laugh at his answer, he looked so jolly and contented, and evidently meant every word he said, and yet when I thought how few his wants, how simple his life, I felt that he was happier far than many who inhabit luxurious homes. His sturdy form, quaint dress, beaming face, hearty hospitality and brotherly hand shake, as I left him, seemed to be with me in my dreary journey from that time on, and I often think of him and the lesson he taught me, that happiness and contentment are not dependent upon fine clothes to wear or palatial homes to shelter us,” Ez TOO BAD, BROTHER DEAR, WHAT CAUSES THE TEARS? IS THE LESSON SO HARD, OR THE STORY ALL FEARS? (270) LHE GERMAN EMPEROR AT HOME. bo ~] ree THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY AT HOME. ee we are studying the geogra- phy of the Old World in our Club,” said Mr. Gray one evening when the boys and girls had gathered for their customary story, ‘“ let us not forget to note life among the nobility. We have already heard of England’s Queen, and to- night let us gather what we can of the Im- perial Family of Germany. While the late Emperor Frederick was a man, kind, con- siderate and warm-hearted, a man the very sight of whom caused one to think better of the human race, the present Emperor, William, is a man who, were it not for his position, would not hold the respect of his fellow men in a high degree. As a young man he seemed to be filled with the old idea of the divine right of kings, and woe to the unlucky subject who failed to show proper respect to him. It has been said of him that he is always doing something, either in posture or speech, to attract atten- tion to his person. Hxceedingly coarse by nature, he tries to be witty; but only suc- ceeds in being vulgar, and would not be tolerated in refined society were he nota powerful monarch. Trained to a military life, he is prone to pomp and display. His uniforms are pad- His boots are made with heels of unusual height ded in the most outrageous fashion. to increase his stature, and his sword clanks most boisterously. Inherited tendencies have made several of his ruling ancestors insane and it is more than likely that Wil- liam will succumb to the same sad disease. His education has been directed by one who has filled his mind with a strange mix- ture of old ideas concerning kingly rights, and a liberalism which verges on socialism. To teach him equality, his tutor insisted that he should attend the public schools and sit on the benches beside boys of hum- ble parentage, and yet if he chanced to clasp the hand of one of his inferiors this same tutor compelled him to wash his hands carefully to remove all traces of plebean This same tutor instilled in the mind of William the idea that all diffi- culties can be adjusted by eloquent phrases, fellowship. and to-day he manifests a desire to figure as a universal arbitrator in every dispute that arises. Of an excitable nature, he has schooled himself to control his feelings even to a degree that makes him seem absolutely heartless. It is related of him that while riding through the streets of Berlin at the head of a regiment, one of his aides was thrown from a horse and rendered uncon- scious and was at first believed to have been killed. The Emporer showed no interest 272 in his aide although he saw the accident, but rode slowly along absolutely indifferent to the result. His hatred of the French has been until recently most marked and has in many cases taken the form of childishness. By Imper- ial mandate he forbade the use of the word ‘cigar’ at the Berlin Court because the THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY AT HOME. word ‘cigar’ is of French origin, and sub- stituted the German word ‘ Glimmstengel.’ You can imagine the effort required of an American to call for a glimmstengel every time he wished to smoke. He also ordered that the menus for Court dinners should be printed in German instead of the cus- This, though, may not tomary French. GERMAN EMPEROR'S FAMILY. THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY AT HOME. have been so bad, but a German bill of fare is enough to give one indigestion. With all his hatred of French things he is fond of good living and is not averse to purchasing food and wine from the French _ for his own table, His wine cellars are among the most noted in the world and fill- On his table are found the choicest viands from every land. In his personal expenses ed with the rarest and costliest wines. as in his living, he is most extravagant, and despite the liberal allowance made him as Emperor, he is always without money. We pay our President $50,000 per year, furnish his home and pay some of the servants. The Emperor of Germany has an income equivalant to $6,250.000, or 1,250 times as large. Much of this goes for jewels, dress- es, buildings and improvements upon the various royal estates. His favorite sport is hunting the wild boar, which is still found At these hunts each member of the party must wear in the forests of the royal estates. a hideous hunting costume designed by the Emperor. He hates the Jews even more than he hates the French, and loses no opportunity to show his feelings. Since becoming Em- peror he has not granted a single commis- sion either in the army or navy to one of Jewish decent, and has refused to promote the Jews holding office when he ascended the throne. German legislation of the past few years unfriendly to the Jews is due 273 largely to him. Neither his father nor his grandfather could be induced to sign death warrants, and under their reign capital pun- ishment was not in force. Not so now. The present Emperor has given dissatisfac- tion at the great number of death warrants he has signed. His popularity is not en- © hanced by the fact that Germany is the only civilized country in the world where mur- derers are beheaded with a sword or broad- bladed ax. The Emperor was married in February, 1881, to Augusta Victoria, daughter of Queen Victoria, the ceremony being one of the most magnificent ever witnessed. Their marriage has been blessed with seven chil- dren. When the sixth child, a boy, was born the Emperor was so delighted that at the christening he had a number of poor children baptized throughout the kingdom, he acting as godfather. He not only made valuable presents to-these children, but in the name of the baby prince distributed presents to several thousand poor children to secure the good will of his subjects to the young prince. The young princes and princesses are carefully trained, and their education is watched most anxiously by their parents. One more member of the present Emper- or’s family I will mention and then close. This is his brother-in-law, Prince Bern- hardt, who is cordially disliked in Court circles. Although harmless, he is always 274 SOME MASTERS OF MUSIC. the hero of some ridiculous incident. While I was at Berlin all royalty was laughing at an amusing incident which had but recently happened. While at Ems he accepted an invitation to dine with a city dignitary. On arriving he found himself ten minutes ahead of time, and as all guests must be present on his entering the parlors he con- cluded to give them time by taking a short stroll in the grounds. He dismissed his carriage and set out enveloped in a military cloak which hid his features. Suddenly a side door opened and a fat cook bounced out, planted a kiss upon his lips and placed a package of ham, sausage and cheese in his hands with the remark, ‘There, my dear, we have a royal prince to dinner to- night and I am driven off my feet. I can- not give youmore. Come again to-morrow night,’ and disappeared before he could re- ply. The prince continued his walk carry- ing the parcel and awaited developments. Soon he saw a soldier gazing anxiously at the house and approaching him asked if his sweetheart lived there. On being ans- wered ‘ Yes,’ he handed him the parcel and informed him that she expected him the next night. The soldier’s face lighted up as he thanked the prince. ‘She gave me something else for you,’ said His Highness, ‘but I do not know how to give it to you.’ «Keep it! keep it!’ said the soldier, ‘I have quite enough for to-day,’ and with that he retired, which you had better do at once.” SOME MASTERS OF MUSIC. BEETHOVEN. RS. GRAY sat at the piano with JIN 0 tis gathered around one Sabbath afternoon. The joyous notes of bird-song floated in through the open window from the trees outside and mingled with the sweet strains of childish voices singing from the well-loved Gospel Hymns. When the singing ceased the conversa- tion turned to music and Tom said, “ Tell us, mamma, of some of the great musicians whose music you have heard.” “Yes, said Mr. Gray, “ Beethoven, Mozart, Schu- bert and hosts of others have done so much for the world that we can spend an hour most profitably in talking of them and their work. Mamma can do the subject better justice than any one I know, and we will listen to her.” “What Shakspeare is in poetry,” said In the presence of his name all other composers, Mrs. Gray, “ Beethoven is in music. SOME MASTERS OF MUSIC. 275 however great, seem to dwindle. His works mark an epoch in musical history, for from them nearly all that is great in modern music has arisen. Throughout his compo- sition there sounds a note of sadness which is but the echo of his personal suffering. Tis strange, indeed, that one whose life was filled with anguish could do so much to give the highest pleasure to his fellows. Yet perhaps he wrote the better because he suffered and endured so much. His family has been traced to a village in Belgium and manifested a fondness for and In 1732 Beethoven’s grandfather removed from Belgium to great skill in music. Borm, Germany, where his musical talents attracted attention. He was made Court Musician, which position was also filled by The father married a cook connected with the In 1770 Ludwig von The date and the place are uncertain, as two houses in Borm His His father possess- his son, the father of our subject. royal establishment. Beethoven was born. claim the honor of his birthplace. youth was not happy. ed an ungovernable temper which, coupled with a fondness for strong drink, did not add to the pleasure of the family. The family also suffered from great poverty, the father’s earnings being spent for liquor. At an early age young Ludwig showed great musical talent, and at the age of five his father placed him under severe training for the violin, hoping to earn money from his | son’s ability. But little benefit came from this, and shortly after the violin was aban- doned for a regular course of lessons on the piano. Here he made rapid progress, but He did not take kindly to instruction, but preferred to study was not a tractable pupil. out his lessons without assistance, a trait which grew with his years. At thirteen he published some music of which he afterwards repented, because it was crude. In 1785 he was made assistant court organist. In 1787 he gained the no- tice of the brother of the Emperor and was by him sent to Vienna, where he became a pupil of Mozart. He soon returned home where for five years he studied hard and conscientiously, but was obliged to give In 1792 he again went to Vienna to become a pupil lessons to aid his father’s family. of Hayden, then the greatest living musi- cian. The two did not agree, but Beetho- ven remained in Vienna where he became a favorite of the Nobility and his prospects seemed of the brightest. His reputation as a composer became established even outside his own country, his greatest personal hon- ors coming to him in 1815, when be com- posed and presented a Symphony celebrat- ing the victory of the allied troops over the French. He received the thanks of the Sovereigns of Europe and was granted the freedom of Vienna, an honor which he prized highly. Shortly after this his popularity began to 276 SOME MASTERS OF MUSIC. wane in the presence of a vast number of musicians, none of whom are known to-day. It was at about this time that he became totally deaf, an affliction from which he had suffered from his 27th year. So we see in him a man whose greatest joy was in har- mony of sound, a man who had given this enjoyment to thousands unable to hear a | How intensely he suffered no man can know. note of the music he loved so much. Unable to converse except by writing, un- married, his home was in the hands of ser- vants who domineered over him and who added to his misery. It is said that once he was found with his face bleeding from scratches inflicted by one of his servants. He died in 1827, and in his will, which was written in 1802 before he was totally deaf, gave an insight into the mental anguish he felt from his affliction in these words: | ‘Ye men who believe me rough and misan- thropic are unjust to me in your ignorance I have been compelled to isolate my- self and lead a lonely life. Whenever I have tried to overcome this isolation, how bitter the experience of my bad hearing, which repelled me again.’ That this anguish was intensified in later years, when his hearing was entirely gone, there can be no doubt. His compositions number 188 and com- prise all the forms of vocal and instrumen- tal music, from the sonata to the sympho- ny, from the song to the opera and the oratorio. His influence on modern music has been most helpful, his fame increasing as his works are better known.” MOZART. “More mamma, more,” said the children “ Well, just a little about Mozart, whose rank among musicians as Mrs. Gray stopped. is high. But few men have had more light and shade, of brilliant prospects and disas- trous fulfillment of joy and sorrow, of Royal kindness and a master’s hate than Mozart. Like Beethoven, destined to add to the pleasures of mankind, sadness was his por- . tion. He was born at Salzburg in 1756 from At three he shared the lessons of his sisters, five years his sen- a family of musicians. ior, on the harpsichord. At four he played minuets and even composed little pieces which are still preserved. At five he play- At six his father took him and his sisters on a musical tour where they ed in public. played before the Sovereigns of Germany with great success, the little boy’s charm- ing appearance and kindly. disposition making him a favorite with everyone. The Emperor called him his little magician. Despite the attention paid him he re- mained docile and obedient. The following year, 1763, the entire family started out again, the boy composing and playing on the harpsichord, organ and violin, not only in Germany, but in France as well. It was on this tour, at the age of seven, he pub- In 1764 the lished his first compositions. LLG CENTRAL CEMETERY, VIENNA. 278 family went to England, where the boy scored a marked success. Two years later he composed and presented his first orato- rio, and the following year, at the request of the Emperor, composed an opera. In 1769 his father took him to Italy to com- Here he de- voted himself to his work, composing from plete his education in music. time to time as he received commissions to do so, and making friends everywhere. So great was the fame of the youthful composer at this time that his services were in great demand, and his life, with that of Although the greatest success attended their efforts from his father, was a busy one. an artistic standpoint, the family fortune Mozart devoted himself to his work and produced new music with did not increase. incredible rapidity. Operas, cantatas, mass- es, symphonies, concertos and sonatas, both vocal and instrumental, followed each other in rapid succession. This work, instead of wearying him, seemed only to rouse him to further effort. He had previously accepted a position with little honor and less pay at the hands of the Archbishop of Salzburg, and as his music, though excellent and abundant, did not bring him sufficient funds for his needs, he applied to the Archbishop for permission to make a concert tour, but was refused. His life was most miserable. Admitted to the first society and treated as an equal by Nobility, yet he must dine with the ser- vants and submit to mistreatment and in- SOME MASTERS OF MUSIC. sult at the hands of menials because his His salary was at this time less than five dol- master, the Archbishop, willed it so. lars per week. Finally Mozart resigned his position, took lodgings with a friend hoping for pupils. Shortly after he contracted an . unfortunate marriage, his wife being his inferior, and worse still, a woman without prudence or economy, and at the end of a year the couple were hopelessly in debt. Mozart played at Court and at concert, composed incessantly and was in great favor with the Nobility, yet he never had money in his purse. | He died in 1791 apparently from fever, though he believed himself poisoned. His funeral was a disgrace to the Court and to the public as well. The day following his death his body was hurried to a pauper’s grave, and because it rained some who pro- fessed to be his friends turned back and left him to be carried to his last resting place without one to mourn for him. An inglorious ending to one who did so much In Central Cemetery, Vienna, one of the most to make others better and happier. beautiful burial places I have ever seen, is a triangular grass-plot with the design of a gigantic harp in flowering plants set aside as sacred to music. About it are monu- ments to Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert and Gluck. I could not repress the thought as I gazed upon them that it is tardy justice i the world meets out to its great men at times,” 616 PUBLIC SQUARE, VIENNA, 280 ALASKA. ~ ALASKA. \ ee induced you to go to Alaska, uncle Ned? ” asked Sarah at the close of the story about the Japps. Uncle Ned laughed and said, “ My first longing to see Alaska dates back many years. I can remember as though it were yesterday, one sultry summer’s day sitting upon a high bench with no back in an old log school-house. My feet did not reach the floor and my position was most uncom- fortable. uncurtained windows upon our defenseless The hot sun poured through the heads and made it well nigh impossible to study. Not a breath of air was stirring. The heat was oppressive, stifling, and as I read of the ice and snow of Alaska, then called Russian America, and which chanc- ed to be our geography lesson for that day, an earnest desire to look upon its ice-bound rivers, rugged hills and snow-capped moun- tains took possession of me with a force I could not shake off. Time after time the longing returned, but I was unable to grat- ify it, and could only gather such informa- tion as was at hand and hope that some day my desire might be realized. In the summer of 189- I found myself in Portland, Ore., wondering where I should go next. Picking up a newspaper one morning I learned that the regular mail steamer would leave port that afternoon for Sitka, and the old longings of boyhood days came over me so strongly that I resolved to take passage for Uncle Sam’s ice-box, as Alaska has been dubbed by those who op- posed its purchase. A dull, monotonous voyage, during which we were scarcely out of sight of land, soon brought us to Sitka, the capitol of the Territory. This quaint, old-fashioned little town lies on a narrow, undulating beach over which tower mounts Edgecombe, Nerstovia and other snow-coy- ered peaks, rising high into the sky and standing like stern, silent sentinels to pro- tect the city from invasion beyond. The harbor, with its various islands here and there, is deep, and affords excellent The old Russian Government House stands high on shelter for storm-tossed ships. a rocky pinnacle like some old castle of The Russo-Greek church, with its tall, green spire, testifies to the labors of early missionaries, and tells us Medieval days. that the people are not without religion. I was also surprised to find a bright, spicy, well-edited weekly paper, though the news it gives from the outside world would be decidedly out of date in the States. The schools are fairly good, but would achieve better results were attendance compulsory rather than voluntary. Educational affairs ALASKA. ESKIMO LIFE. 282 ALASKA. are under the supervision of an inspector appointed by the United States Commis- sioner of Education. There are now about twenty-four schools in the several settle- ments of the territory, two of which are in Sitka. or industrial education, the various trades, One of these is devoted to manual as blacksmithing, shoe-making, carpenter- ing, etc., being taught. This school em- ploys quite a corps of teachers and instruc- tors and had, when I was there, something over two hundred pupils in attendance. The schools have had a most beneficial and far-reaching effect, and are considered the most civilizing agency yet introduced into the country and are also a refuge for native youth, misused at home. Here is a land vast enough for an empire. For twelve hundred miles its shores are washed by the placid waters of the Pacific, a distance as great as from Maine to Florida. Westward it stretches its way to the island of Attu, nearly three thousand miles west of San Francisco, which is therefore really east of the center of the Union. We can- not credit it, yet it is true. The island is only four hundred miles from Kamchatka, and an equal distance from the nearest Alaskan village. Here dwell a small but vigorous band of Aleuts, one hundred and forty in number, whom no reward can in- duce to leave their lonely island home. They have their chapel and their priest and seem content to spend their lives in hunt- ing and fishing. Blue foxes roam the hills; wild geese nest here; sea-lions sport along the rocky shore; and cod and halibut in countless numbers swarm its waters. What wonder these hardy people love their native land? Near the end:of a rainy, dismal day our party stood on the narrow beach, watching a weary fisherman pulling his heavy laden canoe toshore. Ashe landed the sun burst forth in a blaze of glory ere going to rest. We felt his parting rays and knew that in the far-off east the morning sun was stream- _ ing out upon the toiling woodsmen of the What a thought! A country of such imperial dimensions that Penobscot forests. the sun never sets upon its broad domains during the summer months. Islands are numerous, as a glance ata map will show. Some are inhabited by bold Eskimo walrus hunters whose homes are built on stages constructed on the steep, rocky slopes, one above another, like ter- races. One-third of Alaska lies within the Arctic circle, a land of short, hot summers; of long, cold winters. Along its coast and upon its river banks amid its always frozen fields, where neither fruit nor cereals grow, dwell some 18,000 Eskimo. moor, snow-covered mountains, and mos- Its frozen quito haunted marshes offer small induce- ments to the traveler, but these hardy peo- ple seem to lead a merry life. They are taller and stronger than their Greenland REINDEER OF ALASKA, 283 ALASKA. SEALS FOUND OFF THE COAST OF ALASKA. brothers, with faces inclined to mirth. They eat the flesh of moose, reindeer, walrus, seal, bear, fowl and fish, and if pipe and tobacco can be had the sorrows of life are forgotten. In summer, their shelter is cotton tents or bark shanties; in winter, log huts entered by underground passages. These huts are ill-smelling, unventilated abodes, but no cold can penetrate them. Their dress is the skins of animals and here a seal-skin coat is no luxury, though the city belle might not like the primitive style. Summer journeys are made in canoes of bark or skin; winter ones by sledges, drawn by ill-looking dogs, six of which can transport several hundred pounds some thirty miles per day. When summer comes countless thous- ands of geese, ducks, herons, cranes, swal- lows, robins and grouse swarm the shores of Norton Sound to lay their eggs and rear their young in the grasses of the lowlands. You may be sure the Eskimos wage war CHINA. 285 upon the birds at this season, gathering the eggs, knocking down the young birds with great sticks and feasting to their full con- tent. point of the United States, during a few At Point Barrow, the most northern days in July we found buttercups, dande- lions and poppies sending forth their ten- der blossoms, and even golden butterflies floating in the chill air. As we ascended the Yukon river, its yellow, muddy waters often clogged the boilers of the steamer, and we were obliged to stop until they could be cleaned. The banks are covered with wild roses, blue grass and other plants, but the enormous, poisonous mosquitoes com- pelled us to stay on board at alltimes. For 1,300 miles we ascended the river to the gold fields of the upper Yukon, where our journey ended. Of life in the gold regions it need only be said that the small amount of gold secured afforded but small compen- sation for the hardship endured and we were glad enough to avail ourselves of the first opportunity to get back to Sitka. _The mountains which lie back of the city afford an ever-changing scene to the citi- zens of the town. They are northerly ex- tensions of the Cascades of our western coast, culminating in ice-clad towering peaks with an altitude of from 1,200 to 20,- 000 feet, and sending off spurs which are as Mt. St. Elias, with its summit 14,000 feet above the sea, lies some yet unexplored. two hundred and fifty miles to the north- west, but time would not permit us to visit it, as the steamer was just ready to sail for Portland, which was reached in the latter part of October, satisfied at last that I had visited the land which seemed so delightful on the hot summer days so long ago.” CHINA. + OTHE boy who is not interested in the | “Heathen Chinee” is rather rare in these days, and we wonder if a trip through Chinatown would not afford us some instruction and possibly some amuse- ment as well. We can nearly all of us re- member the pictures in the old geography labeled: ‘‘ Chinese selling rats and puppies for pies.” The mind pictures a Chinaman with the ever-present bamboo over his shoulder and the wares of his trade dangling therefrom. This picture has given every boy his first impression of the everyday life of the Chinese. The Chinaman in America does not differ so much from the Chinaman on his native soil. The Chinese have gath- ered in one part of San Francisco, and that is called Chinatown. Its great alleys, opi- um dens, its variety of stores, shops, gro- ceries, its places of amusement and of wor- 286 CHINESE BOY, ship are the nearest approach to the China- man in his native land that can be found without crossing the ocean. In the city, however, you see but one side of his life; to know him through and through you must follow him to the railroad, to the mines, to the laundry, to every place where there is work to be done and where the “ dollies ” may be gathered in. The Chinaman is pe- culiar in many respects, but in none more so than in his home habits. No other peo- ple can crowd so many lodgers into so small a place, and in the mild climate of San Francisco they need but little covering for the night, and with a plank of wood for a pillow they stow themselves away in tiers, like dry goods on the shelves. How they breathe and live is a mystery to all, but when they come out in the morning, in droves and scores, they come out clean in person and clothing, something that is not done by other nationalities that live in such close quarters. It is a common remark among the people of San Francisco that the Chinese keep themselves clean and neat in person; that no other people use so much water as do these. This seems especially strange in view of the fact that Chinatown How the Chinaman can keep neat and tidy in itself is filthy beyond description. the middle of so much dirt is a problem we cannot solve. In many places Chinamen CHINA. 287 are employed in large numbers. Especial- ly was this the case in building the North- ern Pacific Railroad, where they lived by themselves. They did their own cooking and one who has observed them closely in such a life says, that “ during along experi-’ ence he never saw a fight among them, and that, when the day’s work was done, not- withstanding the fact that they were beyond home influence, they played together as lively as children.” Although not quarrel- some among themselves, they will fight when driven to it, and are really dangerous Indeed, it is said that a Chi- naman never attacks a foe except for the as enemies. purpose of taking his life. The Chinaman is industrious and sober. He is not credit- ed with a vast amount of intelligence, and yet he knows enough to let whiskey, “the foe of all mankind,” severely alone. Some of the large ranches of California employ only Chinese labor, simply because the Chinaman can be depended upon. He never gets drunk, and is always ready for work. We have stated the Chinaman is sober; this, perhaps, ought to be modified, for, although the Chinaman does not drink whiskey, he has a worse habit in the form of opium. It was the writer’s privilege at one time to visit an opium den. Our guide took us through an alley in Chinatown, under an underground room not more than eight feet square and seven feet high; the only open- ing was a narrow doorway. As soon as we entered the door was hastily closed, as these We found several Chinamen; one was melting people did not believe in ventilation. opium at a little table my means of a taper, another was just sinking under its influ- ence, a third was lost to consciousness. The habit is a terrible one and is followed both by men and women. The fumes of tho opium fill one with a pleasant sensation which grows upon him until his surround- ings are lost and he sinks into unconscious- ness. The habit is a terrible one; the effects of opium are even worse than those of whis- key. Possibly this is the reason San Fran- cisco has laws to restrict the smoking of opium, and yet lets men get drunk, insult and abuse passers-by on the street, and mal- treat and starve their families. Passing still farther under ground, far away from any possible connection with the outer world, we passed into a second room small- er than the first, and with no possible chance of ventilation. Here was a Chinese woman past middle age who said again and again: “T have lived here twelve years. I have lost my eyes!” Although the Chinese are mocked at as pagans, they are really a very devout people. They almost make gods of their ancestors; they believe new ways, new methods, new customs will displease their fathers, who are hovering about them to help and protect them, and so adhere with This would seem that their religion is more of fear than wonderful tenacity to the old. 288 CHINA. love and reverence; they believe if they de- part from old customs they will anger their ancestors and these will become their ene- mies and hinder them in all their undertak- ings. There are a number of Chinese tem- ples in San Francisco, but it is not an easy matter to gain admission. They have no stated season for worship or any particular meeting for this purpose; each one worships where he pleases and when he pleases. Their temples are called Joss Houses. The name Joss is a title given to all their gods. Sometimes a temple contains not only one but many of these. Theroomin which the god is placed is gaudily decorated with carved work and painting. In fact, some of the carving must have taxed the patience of these wonderfully patient people; much of it is wonderfully fine and is all in emble- matic figures and characters, It was the fortune of the writer to wit- ness the worship of the Chinese at one time. Soon after we entered the room several taps were given on a bell, which was out of sight back of the altar. This bell was sounded, not to call the worshiper to his duty but to notify the god that he was wanted. A single worshiper was there. He took some incense-sticks and Joss-paper from the priest; he had two pieces of wood seven inches long. These he threw upon the floor and marked how they fell, he then bowed his head to the floor and prayed for a long time. Then he took a vase about six inches long and between two and three inches in diameter—-this he filled with split reed about a quarter of an inch wide, quite thin, and On each of these reeds Chinese characters were writ- possibly about a foot in length. ten. He commenced shaking the vase and to our astonishment one of the reeds began to rise and separate itself from the rest, fell out and upon the floor. He examined the character upon it and set it aside. This per- formance of breaking of sticks, praying, and shaking of reeds he went through three times, then he took the reed, copied the | characters from this on a piece of paper and put them in his pocket. This was his charm. Then burning some more incense and Joss-peper his worship was ended. It is, perhaps, not just to judge the Chi- naman by those who come to America. It is said that only the lower classes come here, yet many of them have succeeded excel- lently in business, and have even amassed fortunes. Wherever we find them they are quiet and industrious, doing their work rap- idly, neatly, and silently. Their peculiar dress upon the street, however, attracts at- tention. One peculiar custom exists among them which we ought to notice. Annually they settle all difficulties, forgive all debts and injuries one to another, a custom which might be copied to the profit of any people. Why there should be enmity toward them on the part of so many of our people is a question we cannot answer. A VISIT TO LAPLAND. 289 A VISIT TO LAPLAND. members of the “Round the World Club ” had gathered around the fire to listen to Uncle Ned, who had promised to J T was a cold winter’s night and the continue his pleasant stories. ‘“ Were you ever in a place as cold as this, Uncle Ned, during your travels?” said Tom, as he shiv- Uncle Ned laughed heartily at Tom’s question as ered and drew closer to the fire. he replied, ‘“ Why, Tom, this is only pleas- ant, invigorating weather. If you had been with me a couple of years ago, you would think: that this is only a pleasant day.” “cc Up among the Laps and reindeer of Northwes- ‘““Where were you,” said Tom. tern Russia,” replied Uncle Ned, “and as you have suggested a subject, let us talk about that to-night; it will make our coun- try seem more pleasant and this fire more cheerful. In that cold, cheerless, uninvit- ing country so near the North Pole, the sun does not set in summer nor rise in winter. The months of July and August are ex- tremely hot. These are the summer months. The last two weeks in June constitute the spring in that country, while the first two weeks in September make up the Lapland- er’s autumn. The other nine months are intensely cold, the thermometer falling to a point you would scarcely credit. Sixty de- grees below zero is not an uncommon mark for the mercury to reach. During the greater part of this long, dreary winter the sun is not seen, but the Aurora Borealis, the Northern Lights as we call them, afford You - have all seen Northern Lights, but you can something in the way of illumination. not imagine the splendor which marks this phenomenon in northern climates. There it fills the heavens with long, waving stream- ers of flame of all the gorgeous colors of the rainbow. The country itself is not pleas- ant to look upon, flat and with very little vegetation. The people, however, are most interesting. They are curious looking, short and sturdy, with heavy, stupid faces that show but little signs of intelligence. They are very strong and athletic and seem never to grow tired, no matter what fatigue they undergo. Some of their bows which they use in hunting, are so large that a strong man can scarcely bend them, yet the Laps use them easily and shoot with won- derful force and accuracy. I tried one day to use one of these weapons, but was only After sev- eral attempts in which I failed to bend the laughed at by the sturdy Laps. bow, a mere boy of nineteen took it from my hands and shot with wondrous ease. You would smile at the dress of these people. They clothe themselves in the skins of animals or in coarse wool. The women ANIMALS OF LAPLAND. 290 A VISIT TO LAPLAND. 291 dress like the men—something like the new ‘woman of to-day. The women, however, tie their hair up in a funny little knot which distinguishes them. The mothers carry their babies slung over their backs, much like our Indians. The houses in which they live are huts, or more frequently tents, made of wood with a hole in the top to let out the smoke. Each tent has two doors, one for the women and one for the men, for it is an unlucky sign to meet a Lap woman coming out of her tent when going ona Their food is of the coarsest kind, While not so greedy as hunt. but runs to fats. the Eskimo, the amount of good, fat meat which a sturdy Lap can dispose of at one meal would be a surprise to you. There are some curious customs among these people. When a young man and maiden are betrothed, the lucky man must take a flask of brandy to the girl’s father whenever he visits her. While the Laps are very fond of this fiery liquor, it is not easily secured. As aresult you can be sure that the father extends the courtship as long as possible, and the more infatuated the youth becomes and the oftener he visits his sweetheart, the better the father likes it. After the marriage the son-in-law must re- main and work for the girl’s father a whole year before he can take her to his home. During this time the young people are un- der the control and direction of the girl’s father, You all have seen the reindeer, but you cannot realize his value to these people. These animals cost their masters nothing for food, as during the winter they dig down beneath the snow with their sharp hoofs for a kind of moss which is very abundant there and which forms their entire suste- nance. The Reindeer, as you know, has long, branching horns. To these the reins are fastened for driving. They carry bur- dens and drag sleighs, and will easily travel 100 miles ina day. When the Laplander wishes to go on a journey, he whispers into the ear of his reindeer the place to which he is going as well as the several resting- places, and firmly believes that the reindeer understands all he says and will save him trouble. den, the reindeer provides the Laplander The skins are made into boots, coats, caps and Besides acting as a beast of bur- with milk and cheese, as well as meat. other wearing apparel. The bones are made into tips for their arrows. The sinews are made into thread and cord, the horns are made into spoons, knives and other articles. Seemingly no part of the animal is wasted. You can then easily see how highly a herd of reindeer is valued by the owner. It was my good fortune to be invited to ride after one of these fleet animals. It was a cold day and we wrapped ourselves up well in the heavy robes before starting. I cannot | forget how easily and how rapidly the deer ran, how merrily the bells tinkled, ag we 292 AN EAST INDIAN HOME. glided along. We rode for a couple of hours and I could scarcely believe that we had ridden twenty miles, so easy and pleas- ant was it. The Laps find great sport in hunting. When they depart on their expedition they strap on their long, canoe-shaped snow- shoes, with which they move rapidly over the ground in spite of their heavy garments and unwieldy implements. Their principal weapon on these trips is the bow and arrow, in the use of which they acquire great skill. They boldly attack bears in the open ground and the battles are often fierce Their first effort is to wound the bear so he cannot escape and and dangerous. then fall upon him and finish him with clubs | and axes. The man so fortunate as to kill a bear isa hero in the eyes of his compan- ions. He is feasted for three days by his friends, has songs sung in his praise, his prowess is applauded and as a special mark of distinction he wears a decoration on his cap ever afterward, as an emblem of his bravery. As there are no schools, the children grow They have their legends and traditions handed down up in the densest ignorauce. from generation to generation which con- stitute their education. Though not espec- ially social among themselves, they are quite hospitable. Outside of the chase they have but few amusements. Their food is coarse and simple, they being very fond of fat in any form, and the amount of fat an able- bodied Lap can dispose of at a single meal would cause a panic among ordinary house- wives. In spite of their cold, desolate country, and their cheerless, monotonous life, they seem happy and contented and add one more proof to the many others, that man can get along with very little if compelled to do so. AN EAST INDIAN HOME. OU have told us of the people + who live in cold countries, now tell us of people who live in hot climates, Uncle Ned,” said Sarah, as the Culture Club sat waiting for him to get breath. Uncle Ned thought for a moment and said: “Get your map and perhaps you can find the island of New Guinea. Ah, here it is, lying near the equator and extending several hundred miles south of that. This island is worth our study. It is about four times as large as the six New England states. Of course, no frost is known in that region—the trees are always green, the flowers always blooming, vege- tation always growing. Here we find the AN EAST INDIAN HOME. banana, the palm, and the cocoanut in abundance, the trees making a beautiful picture. In surrounding the home of the East India man, they are chosen not for ornament and shade but for their fruit. These fruits are not the most abundant and cheapest in the island, yet almost any other could be gotten along without much bet- ter than they. The banana is to the East India people what bread is to the Americans, and is the staple food of these people and when allow- ed to ripen on the stalks is much more de- licious than the fruit we buy here. The cocoanut not only furnishes them food, but its oil is used for light and a cool- ing, pleasant drink is also obtained from it. The houses in that part of the world are very much alike. The poorer class—and those include nearly all the people—build 293 entirely of bamboo and roof with palm leaves. No sound of hammer is heard in building these houses, neither are nails used. A saw and hatchet is all that is needed. The saw cuts the poles into a re- quired length. The hatchet splits and dresses those that are to be used for siding and floor. The posts are set firmly in the ground a few feet apart and some eight feet above the surface. The first and only floor is laid a few feet above the ground; the raf- ters are set ata moderate pitch. The poles and slats are tied together when necessary. The palm leaf shingles that are then put upon them are fastened in the same way. The leaves which are used for this purpose are from the mangrove; they are long and narrow and while green are bent over a stick about three feet. long, so as to lie in courses. One of these leaf roofs, when laid well, will last from eight to ten years with- out leaking. The houses have no windows. Upon one side is a door that can be opened and shut at pleasure. This door is made of basket work and serves to let in the light. The lower story of the house is never en- closed. This is, they say, due to a fear of the overflow of rivers, the fear of wild beasts and serpents and also the thought that sick- ness results from living and sleeping on the ground, It would seem that this mode of building is rather a habit than anything else, as in every locality, even where there is no danger of overflow from water or 294 SPORTS OF SANDWICH ISLANDERS. where are no serpents or wild beasts, the houses are built in the same way. Ifa native is asked why the houses are built so high, the usual answer is, ‘“ Our houses are frail and we build high to keep away from robbers.” narrow ladder, which by night is drawn up, The door is reached by a light, and with the door tied the natives feel quite secure. No fire is ever built in one of these dwellings; the cooking is done outside. The furniture is very meagre indeed; it seldom exceeds two or three grass mats, a couple of rush pillows, a rice pot and a frying pan of earthenware, a betel box and a spittoon. The cost of these houses is not very great. They seldom exceed $12 or $15, and one native reported to his employer, after an absence of four days, “that he had married a wife and built and furnished a house, all at an expense of $6.” Not all the people of New Guinea are fortunate enough to have houses. Thousands live, year in and year out, without a roof of their own to give them shelter, with only the ground for their bed and the sky for covering. Nature has provided so abundantly for these people that they are but little disposed to provide for themselves. It is probably due to this fact that the people are so poverty-stricken. Nature provides food and warmth and as no necessity exists to provide for the future they obey literally the old adage, ‘let to- morrow take care of to-morrow,’ and are happy and contented.” SPORTS OF SANDWICH ISLANDERS. ‘ S we have a little more time to-night, I want to tell you, ere we close, of the Sports of Sandwich Islanders,” said Uncle Ned. the Sandwich Islands do not have as many “The simple natives of _ means of amusement as do the more favor- ed people of lands of greater civilization, yet one who has been among them wonders at the contentment which they get out of life. they seem as much at home in the water as Their favorite sport is swimming, and on the land. Not only the men but the women as well spend hours at a time in the surf of the ocean, sporting like natives of the deep, with which they too, vie in skill in swimming. From their infancy children play in the water and early learn to have no fear of it. It is amusing to witness these little ones in the surf. Over and over they go, rolling, tumbling, splashing, diving, in a most merry mood. Boys of ten and twelve become expert swimmers, and it ap- pears to make but little difference to the Sandwich Islander whether he is in the SPORTS OF SANDWICH ISLANDERS. 295 water or on the land so far as locomotion is concerned. By constant practice they are enabled to remain under water a long time. In this way they obtain many valuable things from the ocean which by those less expert could be secured only by means of diving bells. They dive in the water from heights that to others would seem very dan- So skillful do they become at div- ing that if a piece of silver be cast into the gerous. water they will dive for it and sieze it be- fore it reaches the bottom. They undertake journeys to some of the neighboring islands or to some of the dis- tant parts of the same island, swimming the entire distance and performing their task with as much ease as we could walk the same distance by land. In all other parts of the world the man- Not Armed. eating shark fills bathers with terror. so with the Sandwich Islanders. with a knife and stick sharpened at each end they boldly start out to meet this terror of the sea. When the shark springs up to grasp his intended victim the native skil- fully thrusts this sharpened stick in its mouth and so prevents the shark from clos- ing its jaw. Then the islander plunges his knife into the shark and kills him at his leisure. This sport would seem a danger- ous one, but it does not lack excitement, and the islander gets as much enjoyment out of it as does the lover of hunting or fish- ing get from his favorite sport. The first appearance of ships among these simple people filled them with amusement. They gave them the name ‘ Moku,’ meaning ‘islands,’ and seeing them moving about they looked upon them as living beings and remained near them much of the time in the water. The islanders seem to have no means of amusement upon the land. Games, such as are often found among savages, are entirely wanting with them. If pleasure is desired a plunge in the surf seems to meet their desires and they seek nothing further. To witness them in the water, watch their antics and skill in diving, floating, treading water and their speed, brought back the days of my boyhood, when to go swimming was my chief delight.” 296 AN ESKIMO VILLAGE. AN ESKIMO VILLAGE. Of O.NIGHT we will talk further of my | travels in the north, with your con- sent,” said Uncle Ned. “Go on,” said the children, and Uncle Ned began. “ Most of us pity those poor people of the north, whose hard fate has placed them in one of the dreariest parts of the earth, where only a few mosses are in the vegetable world; where it would be almost impossible for human beings to live were it not for the food and clothing which the ocean waters yield so freely. But this land is their own, the land of their fathers, and they would not exchange it for our more fertile and warmer one. In fact, all of these people who have been brought here by explorers have been uneasy until they could return to their own country and their own people. The Eskimo who live in this cold region are short of stature, but strong, broad-shoul- dered men. They have narrow foreheads, broad, flat noses, with little or no beards. The hair on the head is long, straight, coarse and black. Both men and women possess hands and feet wonderfully small and well formed. The dress of both sexes is very much alike, the object being in that severe climate to keep warm and to have the clothing as light as possible. They wear two pairs of trousers, the inner one of reindeer skin, with the soft fur next the flesh, and the outer pair of sealskin. They also wear two jackets made of the same ma- terial. The outer one has a large hood which, when drawn up, completely covers the head, and some times the entire face, except the eyes. Their hoods are made of sealskin, lined with reindeer fur,-or the soft, downy coats of birds. The outer jacket of the women is usually a little larger than that of the men, and is provided with an extra hood in which to carry the babies when on a journey. In the summer, one of the first suits is laid aside. Some of the Eskimo women braid their black, glossy They tat- too their foreheads, cheeks and chins, which hair with much care and taste. does not add to their beauty. The Eskimo’s igloo, or house, is built of The word means either house or room, but as their snow and ice, moss and stones. houses never contain but one apartment, the word applies equally to both. They are a wandering people, but during the winter months occupy their igloo, built of stones, with moss piled up around and over them, so that when covered with snow they make avery comfortable dwelling-place. At other times the houses are made of blocks of snow, cut out in regular form with a snow-knife, which is made of reindeer or musk-ox bones. The builder first clears the snow away from AN ESKIMO VILLAGE. a space large enough for the house, leaving the solid ice on the bottom for a floor. The house is built in the form of a dome, usually All the cracks and openings are carefully chinked in with snow. Then water is thrown over The builders stand on the inside while working, so that about ten or twelve feet across. them and allowed to freeze. when the dome is finished they are com- pletely shut in. With the snow-knife they then cut a door about two feet high on one side. From this they build out a long, low passage-way, by which the hut is entered, and which keeps out the wind and snow, and lets in air. This opening is seldom closed, except at night, and then only to keep out the dogs and wolves. In some instances small windows are cut in the sides, and thin pieces of ice used for glass. Often- times covered passages are built from one hut toanother. Whenallisdone the house is banked up with snow for several feet, and snow thrown lightly over the top. The snow which is cut out in making the door- way is used to make a wide bank or shelf about three feet high along one side of the This is the family bed, which they eall breck. Itis the work of the women to arrange the beds, and prepare the lamps for light, warmth and cooking. The bed is first covered with moss to the depth of sev- hut. eral inches, and then covered with reindeer or seal skins. Other skins are sewed to- gether for covers at night. Couches along 297 the side are made in the same way. The lamps are of soapstone, much like a clam- shellinshape. They look more like a dish than a lamp, and are filled with oil from the blubber of the whale and seal. Along the straight edge of the lamp is a wick made of The women keep the lamp from smoking, and keep it supplied with blubber, large pieces About three inches from the flame is placed a pot in moss, which burns quite brightly. of which are put in the lamp. which the water for cooking and drinking is melted and meat stewed. Still above this hangs a rack upon which stockings, mit- tens and other garments are allowed todry. There is no fire except whatis furnished by the lamps, nor is any other needed. Indeed, it sometimes gets so warm in the igloo that the water begins to drip from the ceiling. At such times one of the women makes a ball of snow and presses it against the spot, and possibly puts out one of the lamps. During their short summer the Eskimo At this time they busy themselves in laying up food for lives in tents made of skins. winter, having to depend chiefly on fishing and hunting. Spring gives them a good chance to spear and catch fish. They also hunt the reindeer at this time, and capture large numbers of swan, ducks and geese. During the month of July they capture a number of whales, the blubber of which is carefully taken out and laid aside for winter use. The walrus and seal are also very im. 298 AN ESKIMO VILLAGE. portant tothe Eskimo. In the warm spring days the seals come up through their blow- The Eskimo hunter creeps along on his hands holes to enjoy a quiet nap in the sun. and knees, and draws himself along the ice until within easy range, when the shot is fired which, if in the head or neck, ends that seal’s life. The Eskimo obtain guns from exploring and whaling vessels in ex- Tf the hunter has no gun he must get close enough change for asupply of meat or furs. to kill the seal with a spear. This is very difficult unless he happens to catch one asleep, as the seal is very swift in its move- ments, and has wonderfully sharp eyes. As summer advances, however, the eyes of the seal are so blinded by the fierce rays of the sun that they become slightly blinded, and are then easily taken. In the winter time the seals do not come out on the ice, and so must be hunted through the blow-holes. At such times, the hunter selects a blow- hole, and builds around it a sort of an em- bankment of snow. There he waits for the seal, which may come in an hour or may not come within twodays. During all this time the hunter sits perfectly still. He cannot walk or move about lest the seal be fright- ened. Walruses are captured in much the same way. They areso large, however, that An average sized walrus weighs one thousand two hunters generally go together. or twelve hundred pounds, and we may know how valuable they are to the Eskimo when we remember that every particle is used, even to the bones. The catching of a walrus is the occasion of a feast for the whole village. During stormy weather these people busy themselves in storing away the spoils of the hunt. For this pur- pose they dig a pit, inside of which the meat is placed and covered with large stones. It is said that an Eskimo eats on an average eight or ten pounds of meat a day. When meat is plenty they often eat four or five times during the course of a night. Among these people one family is no bet- ter off than another. All share the spoils in common. If one village is well provided for, and a neighboring village happens to be without food, by the laws of hospitality the unfortunate ones must be taken in and fed as long as they choose to stay, be it weeks or days. Then, too, the dogs must be well taken care of, and it often happens that they get without food and must go hunting even in severe winter weather. The women among these people have a hard life. The men say it is right to whip the women, as it makes them good, and when one of these strong Eskimo strikes his wife it is no love tap, but a blow to stag- ger a man. Usually the men have two wives. There are no wedding ceremonies, the marriage between parties being arrang- ed while the parties are children. The father of a boy selects a little girl to be his daugh- ter-in-law, and buys her from her father for SAN CARLO THEATER, NAPLES. 299 something—a snow-knife, a sled, or a dog. When the little girl is grown up she goes to live with her husband. When going on a journey the women and children must walk if the load is too heavy. If the dogs become tired, the women must be put in harness and help them, while the men ride on the sled. Among the Eskimo a good wife is one whosleeps but little after a hard day’s march, and who attends constantly to the wants of her husband. She must look : carefully over the clothing, and see that it is dry and properly mended. If at home, her whole time must be given to making clothing, cooking, and other household tasks. idle. When other tasks are done she busies herself chewing She is never skins for clothing to make them pliable. These people do not have any laws or officers, yet good order prevails among them and quarrels are very rare. When a diffi- culty arises they settle the dispute, usually by gathering some of the old men together, who talk the matter over until an agree- ment is reached. The women are not allow- Yet in spite of these hard conditions they are ed to be present at such times. cheerful, good-natured, and seem to enjoy life in that dreary region. They will not steal among themselves, but it is no shame to rob a white man. They have, however, a wholesome fear of punishment, and can be restrained in that way, an excellent thing for all concerned.” SAN CARLO THEATER, NAPLES. Oe evening as the Gray family sat on "7 the porch, Mr. Gray said: “ I won- der, children, if you know about the theaters of the world, as they are to-day?” “No!” replied all voices, “tell us about them, and especially tell us about the larg- “T think I re- said Mr. Gray, “of telling you est theaters of the world.” member,” something about the great Opera House in Paris. It is one of the most beautiful places of amusement in the world, so to-night I will tell you something about one of the largest theaters, which is known as San Carlo, and is situated at Naples, Italy. Here many of the Italian operas are per- formed for the first time, and on this ac- count, as well as for the seating capacity, it is known all over the world. The San Carlo was founded by Charles ITT, in 1337. It is built differently from almost any other the- ater in the world, although it is modeled a little after the order of other theaters of Europe. In the San Carlo there are six tiers of boxes, thirty-two boxes in each tier, running around three sides of the building. | | There are no galleries; the stage is a large 008 SAN CARLO THEATER, NAPLES. SWITZERLAND. 301 one, and usually they have an orchestra here which comprises from fifty to one hundred pieces, and is always good. Here also can be seen a fine ballet, as many as two or three hundred persons appearing on the stage at one time. The auditorium of this building reminds one of our churches, everything on a plane and not slanting, as our theaters of America. There is also a very fine theater at Milan called the LaScalla, which, although in seating capacity is smaller, it is noted for haying a very large stage. These two the- aters are probably the best adapted for good singing of any of the theaters of the Old World. After the performance one evening we went on the stage of the LaScalla, and it seemed like an immense house of itself. All, however, who have ever been in Chicago and seen the Auditorium need not feel ashamed of American ability to handle large audiences. The Auditorium is said to have the largest seating capacity of any theater in America, holding something like 7,000 persons. It is very beautiful indeed, and has a stage sufficiently large to hold 200 persons, giving each one ample room for easy movements.” SWITZERLAND. F OW children, get your maps,” said Mr. Gray one evening, “and let us look at the ‘ play-ground of Europe,’ as the little country of Switzerland has been called. Its charming lakes, its glorious mountains, its picturesque valleys, its mighty glaciers and its quaint people have given it this name. No other land is visit- ed by a larger number of people, perhaps, than this, and the gaily-dressed crowds that throng its places of interest during the year Not only is its present pleasing, but its past make the name seem a fitting one. speaks to us in deeds which shall never be The names of Tell and Wink- elreid, synonyms of liberty and freedom, forgotten. have come down to us with a halo which time cannot dim. What school-boy’s blood has not coursed more freely through his veins as he has read, “Make Way for Lib- erty ” and the story of William Tell? What mother or teacher but speaks in reverent tones the names of Pestalotzi or Froebel, the founders of the ‘kindergarten?’ Child garden—how apt the term! In this land we can certainly find some- thing to amuse and interest, so let us notice first its position in the heart of Europe, where, like a fortress, it towers above its powerful neighbors without yielding up its This little state, about the size of Vermont and New Hamp- independence to them. ' 302 SWITZERLAND. shire combined, has been the home of a simple, hardy, liberty-loving race from the dawn of history. Here Caesar found the brave Helveti, whose courage, bravery and determination compelled the Roman legion to “pass under the yoke,” though they afterward succumbed to the superior tactics Here the seed sown by the Reformation found a fer- and discipline of Ceesar’s army. tile soil, and for centuries Protestants and Catholics waged intestine war, and not until the beginning of the present century was peace declared between the two. Here, too, are found the homes of that strange, ancient people, “ Lake Dwellers,” of whom so little is known, so much is left behind, who left so many traces of their homes and implements, so little of them- selves. Thoughts of the past come to us as we gaze upon this map, but it is of the present we will speak, The mountains of Switzerland are noted for their beauty and grandeur. Other coun- ‘tries can boast of high peaks, or more ex- tensive ranges, but in no other land has Nature been more lavish in her display of the wonderful, the sublime, the picturesque or the magnificent. The finest peaks are the Matterhorn, Jungfrau, Mont Cenis, St. Gothard, Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa, the two latter being the highest peaks in Europe. Amidst these mountains are those wonderful rivers of ice called glaciers. The snow falls on the mountains and gradually moves down into the valleys as a massive giant of ice and snow. Some of these streams are twenty miles in length and three miles wide. They move from twelve to twenty inches per day, less than an inch per hour, and as they plow their way over the ground they cut out great furrows and carry with them great masses of rock, stone and gravel, called moraines. As they get fur- ther down into the valleys the warm sun melts the ice as fast as they advance, and so forms streams varying in size from tiny It is indeed a strange sight to see a stream of mountain rills to small-sized rivers. water flowing from a glacier, as it has every appearance of moving from beneath. These glaciers make great changes in the valleys through which they pass, as you can well imagine. The stone and gravel which they gather can go no further than the point at which the ice melts, except as they are crowded on by the moving force behind them, and as a result we find great masses of debris here. Along the side of the gla- ciers also are found rock, stone, dirt and gravel, some of which is crowded out as the glaciers move on, and some of which falls from the top and sides, having been gath- ered far upin the mountains. The glaciers are split by great cracks or rents in the ice and frozen snow, some of which are very long and hundreds of feet deep. They make | travel over the glaciers quite dangerous. To avoid falling and being lost in there SWITZERLAND. 303 travelers tie themselves together by means of long ropes and travel some distance apart. In this way if one falls in the rest can easily draw him out. During the summer the people in the valleys drive their cattle, sheep and goats up into the mountains to pasture, and it is a pretty sight to see the herds on the way browsing along the road-side, accompanied by the shepherds in their quaint dress. The tinkling bells make sweet music amidst the echoing mountains, as you can well imagine, and when evening comes and the tones of the herdsmen’s horns mingle with the ryth- mic bells and sweet sounds fill the air with melody. ‘Liicse shepherds live in little huts of wood, called chalets, during the grazing months, and seldom go into the village be- low. What a lonely life they must lead, and yet they are happy and contented. In the winter the snow makes traveling very dangerous. At this season the mountains are deserted save by the good monks, who dwell there solely to give aid to the travel- ers who pass. These monks keep large dogs called, after one of the mountains, St. Bernards, which are trained to go out in the snowand find lost travelers. They have a bottle of brandy tied to their necks, so that the wanderer may refresh himself, and oftentimes a small lunch is fastened to the dog’s neck in the same way. Many a tray- eler owes his life to the sagacity and intel- ligence of these noble dogs, as well as to the kind-hearted hospitality of the monks. Until a few years ago all travel from valley to valley was over the mountains, but now there are several tunnels through them and travel is much easier as well as less danger- ous. The people are sober and industrious, although many visitors have nearly spoiled some of them. In many cases a traveler is looked upon as legitimate prey and all sorts of plans are laid to deprive him of his money. They are a home-loving people, as is proved by the small number of Swiss in any country except Switzerland. Many of them are skillful workmen, especially in wood-carving, jewelry-making and weaving. The watches of Switzerland were for many years the finest and best made, but as they were made by hand the cost was beyond the reach of most people and much of their trade has passed into the hands of Ameri- cans. The cities are interesting beyond descrip- tion. Here is Basle, a quaint, old town, with picturesque overhanging roofs, fan- tastic chimneys and antique turrets and gables. Around the hotels are parties of English tourists; many of them, with their hob-nail boots, knapsacks and knicker- bockers, are evidently bent on some walk- ing excursion. Here, too, are the guides, with their Tyrolese hats and mountain dress, waiting to be engaged; farming women, who have come to sell their pro- duce from the country districts, are quite 304 SWITZERLAND. unlike anything we have ever yet seen. Yonder is the cathedral, built of red sand- stone. It contains many curiosities worth looking at. Notice the large wooden head; notice how it rolls its eyes and puts out its tongue. Let us to the station and take the cars for Lucerne. We enter a long, second-class carriage. Instead of being cooped up like birds in a cage or pigs in a stye, we can roam about and sit wherever we like. If we get tired of being on the inside we can mount up by steps to the roof and enjoy a view of the country. The train moves rather slowly, but we do not mind that. As we stop at the different stations merry Swiss girls come with trays full of glasses of frothy beer, Alpine strawberries and Swiss grapes. Are they not nice? Here we are at Lucerne. Notice the covered wooden bridge over which we are What a pleasant town this is. passing, and as we enter see the curious pictures on the roof. Do youscee that large lion cut out of the cliff? It is wounded by a spear and at the point of death, but in its last moments it is defending a shield which represents France. This monument is in memory of the officers and soldiers of the Swiss Guard who fell in the defense of the Tuileries at the French Revolution of 1792. But here is the lake; is it not beautiful? Yonder is the inn where we are to sleep to- But first let us take the steamer and Ts it not like night. make our way down the lake. being in fairyland? The green mountains come right down to the edge of the water, and here and there are dotted the pretty villas and penszons where visitors stay. There are the market boats, laden with pro- duce, and little yachts sailing gaily before the wind. In the far. distance we see the.,, great mountains, all white with snow, But,,_ as we have time, let us take the train up the,. Righi; but what a curious train it is—only,, one carriage. The engine is not attached . to the carriage in the ordinary way. How.. slowly we go, only three miles an hour, but the grade is so steep we do not care to go more rapidly. We pass through the tun- nels, over the ravine, and on, on up the ; mountain; every now and then we see par- ties who are ascending on mules or with alpenstocks. We wonder if they do not look with envy at our comfortable carriage —hbut here we are at the top. Now, as the sun is shining, let us look at the magnifi- cent place surrounding us. We cansee the Lakes of Constance, Zurich and Zug, and there on the banks of the latter lake is Tell’s Chapel. Yonder is the Rossberg, famous for the terrible landslide, which occurred in 1806, burying four villages, with over five hundred inhabitants. You can see the rocks lying in the valley and the side of the The beautiful Lake Lucerne is at our feet and mountain from which the earth fell. we could almost throw a stone into it; but What a let us to the inn and have tea. SWITZERLAND. moving sea. All nations of the earth seem We have heard of sunrise in the Alps and con- to have met on top of this mountain. clude to remain; but we must to bed early, for the sun rises here at the early hour of three and we shall not have too much time 'y rest. Wesee a notice on the wall telling ‘sitors not to dress in a blanket when they 9 out to see the sun rise, under a penalty * two francs. But morning comes too soon. We are awakened by the noise of a large horn; it seems villainous to rouse us so early, but if we want to see the sun we must be up. We turn out and see people in all kinds of fancy costumes—some of them with their hair all covered with feath- ers, some of them daring the two franc fine and going out with blankets wrapped around It is dark when we go out, but soon we notice, looking them, like our own Indians. to the east, a streak of light, and now we notice a band of gold in the far distance and soon the highest peaks in succession become tinged with the rosy hue. Soon we begin to see the forests, lakes, villages emerging from the mists, and now the sun rises in its majesty and floods the whole scene with his golden light. We have seen the sun rise and, shivering and shaking, we go back to the hotel and once more return to our beds to finish our morning’s sleep. After breakfast we get our alpenstocks and What fun go down the mountain on foot. it is! 305 Next day finds us at Berne, a picturesque town on the Aar. Look at the curious The boat is attach- ed by a rope and ring to a strong cable ferry across the river. thrown across the stream; as the ring slides along the boat is easily rowed across with- out fear of its being carried down stream. Wherever you look you see figures of bears, Here is the clock tower; as the clock strikes you from which the town takes its name. see the whole troupes of bears come out and march in procession. This is the bear-pit, where a number of bears are kept as pets at public expense. They look pleasant now as they climb up the poles and take the buns we offer them, but if we were to go too near them I am afraid some of us would go the same way as the buns. This is a cheerful town, with nice shops and gar- We must end our trip at Geneva. dens. We notice the Rhone, its blue waters rushing out of the lake on its way to the sea. The mountains are on the other end of the lakes; the shores here are low. Do you see those boats sailing and lying at anchor at the end of the bay? Those be- long to the pupils of the Bellrive school. The boys, in season, have riding-school, play-ground and gymnasium, and we are sure they enjoy it all. Yonder, too, is the lovely village of Clarens, where so many As far as one can judge it consists in walking people come to try the grape cure. about all day with large bunches of grapes B06 SWITZERLAND. in their hands. This is certainly much pleasanter than taking pills and medicine and probably of as much benefit to the Yonder is the castle of Chillon, You will remember Byron’s poem upon it. patient. We can see the dungeon and the pillars to which the prisoners were chained. Wecan see the stone floor completely hollowed out by the unfortunate prisoners’ footsteps, who paced round and round as far as the length of their chains would allow them. We think of these poor men shut up within these walls. They could look out upon the lake, see the vessels sail from shore to shore; they could hear the songs of the birds, tinkling of the bells as the herds of cattle were driven home from pasture; they could smell the fragrance of the flowers and the scent of the new-mown hay. But these things were not for them to enjoy; they were shut up in a living tomb. We note the homes of the Swiss, the large projecting roof reaching almost to the ground on either side. The roofs are of stout timber cut into tiles and held in place by large pieces of rock. Stair-cases and galleries run up the side and enter the liv- ing room, as very often the ground floor is used as a large shed toshelter cattle during . the winter months. Some of these homes are richly carved, and in almost every one there is a text of Scripture. The window sills are filled with flowers, and on the bal- ustrades flax, hemp and Indian corn are hung to dry. But let us take to the hotel. Evening is approaching and we must pre- pare for a long day’s jaunt to-morrow, of more than usual interest,” — ST. BERNARD DOGS OF THE ALPS, Ares 1 (composition Outlines, better Writing, Memory Gems, Manners, Things Worth Remembering. COMPOSITION EXERCISES. AR too little time, as a general rule, is given to composition exercises, and, besides, * the siojects usually given thepupil are of a character to draw out his ideas of flourish without reg ard to the solid side of the question. We have known many young men who could invest Spring with all the imagery of the poet, but who would fail in their attempts to write an every-day business letter. It should be the duty of every teacher to train his pupils in this style of composition, so thatwhen the occasion arises they will not feel themselves out of place on these subjects. A little extra time devoted to business cor- respondence, even though that time be taken from the space allotted to Algebra or Greek, would, be profitably applied. A perfect knowledge of the mother-tongue, and a ready application of it in matters of business, is necessary, and will enter into the sphere of their future occupations. Below is given subjects and form of a few compositions. ANIMALS. Variety. Size. Color. Habits. Food, Class—Herbiverous. Carniverous’ | Intelligence. Story and moral. Domestic. Wild. Size. Color. Form. Where found. Characteristics. Disposi- CANDY MAKING. tion. Habits. Utensils used. Ingredients, how pre- THE ESQUIMAUX. pared. How worked. Cut. Molded. Nativity—Generalappearance. Height. Packed. Uses. Exports and Imports. Build. Features. Complexion. Eyes. BIRTHDAY PARTY. Manner. Voice. Dress. Occupation. : Food. Disposition. Habits. Reputation. Ago size appearence oe hose oe Time. Number present. Games. DOGS. Luncheon. Manners. Good byes. Where found. Wild or domestic. | Triphome. Benefits derived. 308 COMPOSITION EXERCISES. TREES. Kind. Variety. Where found. Ap- pearance. Size. Shape. Form of leaf. Color. How propagated. Uses. HAIL, SNOW, RAIN. Causes. Formation. Appearance. Size. Form. Seen at what season. Benefit. Danger. A GLACIER. Formation. Re- Disembodied. Origin of glacier. newal, how supplied. Freedom. TRIP TO EUROPE. Conveyance. Ship. Ocean. Descrip- Return Trip. tion of country. People. 509 A TRIP TO MT. WASHINGTON. How to dress. Manner of conveyance. Half-way House. Food on the journey, Clouds. Temperature—its results on veg- etation and inhabitants. Characteristics. Wind. Atmosphere. Signal Service Station. Return. GOLD. Mineral. Appearance. Geographi- cally situated. Properties. Value. Uses. How mined. GREENLAND. Mode of dress. Man- Characteristics—Size. Government. ner of living. Build. Features. Complexion. Culture. The return. OLD LETTERS. 3lu THE ART OF LETTER WRITING. VERY man, woman and child, has thoughts, that he, sometimes, desires to com- + municate through the medium of a letter. Hemay have a question to ask, or favor to grant. In any case, he wishes to write that letter in a pleasant and agreeable manner. First learn the form, and then write naturally. This means 8UCCESS. FORM OF A BUSINESS LETTER. FORM OF A SOCIAL LETTER. To whom addressed. ae Where addressed. 311 MEMORY GEMS. jee is truth in action.—Joubert.” MBITION is not a vice of little people. — Montaigne. HINGS past may be repented, but not recalled.— Livy. ace for bread.—Spanish. IN© E dog wags his tail not for you, but sword bites so fiercely as an evil tongue.—Sir P. Sidnes. ITHOUT a rich heart, wealth is an ugly beggar.—Himerson. SN has many tools, but a lie is a handle that fits them all. Holmes. IGOTRY murders religion to frighten fools with her ghost.— Cotton. F THE mountain will not go to Ma- homet, let Mahomet go to the moun- tain. T IS better to sit with a wise man in prison than with a fool in paradise. — Russian. RINKING water neither makes a man sick, nor in debt, nor his wife a widow.—John Neal. 3 — UR own heart, and not that of other men’s opinions, forms our true honor. —Coleridge. E must be a wise man himself who is capable of distinguishing one.— Diogenes. ILENCE is a figure of speech un- answerable, short, cold, but terribly severe.— Parker. eee empire in the heart of God.— Bossuet. UTH is a queen who has her eternal throne in Heaven, and her seat of F THE best man’s faults were written on his forehead, it would make him pull his hat over his eyes.— Gaelic. EN show their character in nothing more clearly than by what os think laughable.— Goethe. They never taste who always drink; They always talk who never think. —Prior. Y taking revenge, a man is but even with his enemy; but in passing over it he is superior.—Bucon. HAVE always observed, that tc succeed in this world, we must be foolish in appearance, but in reality wise.—Montes. quieu. 2 MEMORY GEMS. 313 EN ae gr ee ae ees N | EVER leave a stranger without a seat. NTEVER interrupt a person who is speaking. EVER correct older people than your- selves, especially your parents. LEAN faces, clean clothes, clean boots and clean finger nails are signs of good. training. Ne leave your clothes about the room. Have “a place for every- thing, and everything in its place.” N | EVER overlook any one when read- ing or writing, nor read or talk aloud while others are reading. A HUMBLE, worthy man, who had be- friended the Prince Consort in early life, called to see him, and was invited to come to the family table. He began to eat with his knife, as he had been accustomed, and the young people smiled. Prince Al- pert looked around upon them, as if to say: R ae WL NZS NZS ZS ¢; =e \ NI NZSARERENIS 6 IA VORA AYN 7s nS Reon gee VGW AW “ Stop that!” and at once he himself be- gan to eat with his knife, and did so to the end of his meal. After dinner one of the children asked him why he did so. Prince Albert replied: “Tt is well enough for us to observe the etiquette of the day; but it is far more im- portant to avoid insulting people. I want- ed my old friend to enjoy his dinner which he could not if he had seen you laughing at him. He is accustomed wo use his knife, and it would be quite diffi- cult for him to use the fork instead,” The world would be happier and better if there were This was genuine politeness. more of it. ANNERS, like conversation, should be extemporaneous, and not studied. meets you with the same perpetual smile Always suspect the man who on his face, the same bending of the body, and the same premeditated shake of the hand. alt MEMORY GEMS. sp rey BUSINESS MAXIMS FOR BOYS. Attend carefully to details. Best things are difficult to get. Cultivate promptness and regularity. Do not seek a quarrel. Endure trials patiently. Fight life’s battles bravely. Tnjure no one’s reputation or business. Join hands only with the virtuous. Keep your mind from evil thoughts. Learn to think and act for yourself. Never try to appear what you are not. Observe good manners. 3 Pay your debts promptly. Respect your word as your bond. Question no man’s veracity without cause. He who follows two hares is sure to catch neither. Zealously labor for the right. Yield not to discouragements. What is just and honorable, do. He who fears God need not fear man. Say “No” firmly and respectfully when necessary. Touch not, taste not, handle not the cup which intoxicates. Use your own brains rather than those of others. Virtue, not pedigree, is a sign of nobil- ity. Extend. to every one a kindly saluta- tion. Do good and throw it into the sea; if the fish know it not the Lord will. Falsehood may be a thick crust, but in course of time truth will find a place to break through. VIRTUES THAT BRING SUCCESS. WORKS. LESSED is the man who has found let him ask no other his work; blessedness. Know your work and do it, and work at it like Hercules. One mon- ster there is in the world—the idle man. PERSEVERANCE. ERSEVERANCE equal genius in its results. sometimes “ There are only two creatures,” says the Eastern can proverb, “that can surmount the pyra- mids—the eagle and the snail.” MEMORY GEMS. PUSH. WISE man will never rust out. life he will be doing something for him- Washing- ton, Franklin, Howard, Young, Newton, self, his country or posterity. all were at work almost to the last hours of their existence. FAITHFULNESS. _J ONEST, earnest faithful work in any direction is one of the chief educa- Without it, and the discipline it gives, no one can hope to at- tors of character. tain to any worthy development. PATIENCE. ‘HERE is a sublimity in patience. To do a thing, and, when needed, to keep doing it, to wait for the desired end, not sluggishly, but diligently, if nec- essary, nor despondingly, but ever with a brave hope—this is grand character. SOBRIETY. HE three virtues of temperance, thrift and religion, which are within the reach of every man, will secure, in this age, almost every desirable object for any family, and scores of objects which no leg- islation whatever can secure without indi- vidual temperance, thrift and religion. A temperate man is a standby on all oc- casions, a thrifty man is a man of am- bition, and a religious man is a God-send to our country. As. long as he breathes the breath of 315 EXPERIENCE. HE experience of failure is one tha} comes in greater or less degree to every one at times; trying the metal and probing the character as no prosperity ever can do. CALAMITY. IMES of general calamity and confu- sion have ever been productive of the greatest minds. The purest ore is pro- duced from the hottest furnace, and the brightest thunderbolt from the darkest storm. INDUSTRIOUS. EISURE is a very pleasant gar- ment to look at, but it is avery bad one to wear. be traced to it. FRAGMENTS. IND together your spare hours by The ruin of millions may the cord of some definite purpose, and you know not how much you may accomplish. Gather up the fragments of your time that nothing can be lost. CHARACTER. HARACTER cannot grow in the dark; it needs the brightening and vitalizing influence of intelligence to de- Char- acter, too, needs trials and afflictions in velop it into fullness and richness. order to bring out the depth and purpose of a man, before his reat worth can be measured, 316 MEMORY GEMS. TO THE BOYS. ie you count the sunny and cloudy days of the whole year, you will find that the sunshine predominates. ROSS, insinuating. or reproachful words hurt worse than the cut of a knife, and will be longer in healing. eee the truth—the open, bold, honest truth —always the wisest, always the safest, for every one in any and all circumstances. ULTIVATE forbearance till your | heart yields a fine crop of it. Pray for a short memory as to all unkind- nesses.— Spurgeon. Ce) manners are a part of every little: boy’s and girl’s education. Without them you will not be loved or welcomed among others. EMEMBRER, boys, that ten thousand of the greatest faults in our neigh- bors are of less consequence to us than one of the smallest in ourselves. WWeee is there whom contact with a great soul will not exault? A drop of water upon the petal of a lotus glistens with the splendors of the pearl. aeaeee are four good mothers who: have four bad daughters: Truth hath hatred; prosperity hath pride; security hath peril, and familiarity hath contempt. PAs say ‘Yes, sir,” “No, sir,” “Yes, father,” ‘No, mother,” “Thank you,” ‘Good night,” “Good morning,” “Excuse me.” Use no slang words. ‘HERE is this difference between hap- piness and wisdom—he that thinks himself the happiest man is really 0, but he that thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool. ABE art of forgetting is hard to learn where it is most in request. Itis the happy past that makes a happy present, and together they give pledge of a happy future—a threefold cord which is not easily broken. BES the Breton mariner goes out to sea, his prayer is, “Keep me, my God; my boat is so small, and Thy ocean is so wide.” Does not this beauti- ful prayer truly express the condition of each of us? INES be not ashamed of an humble home or an humble occupation; be not ashamed of poverty, or even of a small amount of natural endowments; but you may well be ashamed of misspent time and misdirected talents. a) O38 come to us like blossoms, and we think we have them; and then when, MEMORY GEMS. 317 1ike blossoms, they fall, we think we have lost them, although the seed or shadow is left;but they are not gone because they have passed through a particular period of their development. Bee is not yesterday; we ourselves change. How can our works and thoughts, if they are always to be the fittest, continue always the same? Change, indeed, is painful, yet ever needful, and if memory have its force and worth, so, also, has hope. E crave good gifts—wealth, per- But do Responsi- haps, or fame, or love. we think what they mean? bility; and responsibility means work and self-denial. Happiness is the unknown quantity which iscontinually working itself out hy holding to these. If we would THINGS WORTH CHEERFULNESS AN TO CHARACTER. ULTIVATE Cheerfulness, if only for You will do and bear évery duty and burden better by be- INDEX personal profit. ing cheerful. It will be your consoler in solitude, your passport and recommen- dation in society. You will be more sought after, more trusted and esteemed for your steady cheerfulness. The bad and vicious have wealth, fame or love, we must expect to work. HE culture of a man is more seen in the nature of his heart than anywhere else. The heart is cultivated, not when our affections are allowed to evaporate in dumb show, but when our emotions are transmitted into life. Here is the great difference between sentimentalism and genuine Christian feeling. EOPLE who live at a distance are naturally less faulty than those immediately under our own eyes; and it seems superfluous, when we consider the remote geographical position of the Ethio- pians, and how very little the Greeks had to do with them, to inquire further why Homer calls them “blameless.” REMEMBERING. may be boisterously gay and vulgarly humorous, but seldom or never truly cheerful. Genuine cheerfulness is an al- most certain index of a happy mind and a pure heart. TRIFLES. apse massive gates of circumstance Are turned upon the smallest hinge, _And thus some seeming pettiest chance Oft gives our life its after-tinge. | Chings Never Done. Greater deeds than have ever been seen, Brighter songs than the poet has sung, Are the things that are dreamed and tried, I ween, But which have never been done. The fairest picture the artist can paint Ts hung on the wall of his brain: On his canvas rests but the shadow faint Of what he wished to attain. Above success hovers ever the thought, _ Marring sadly its bliss; Better than this was the thing I sought— Better, far better than this! For, strive as we may, we cannot grasp The visions that lure us on— They are ever held in our mental clasp, And our best is never done. But this fancy does oft my senses woo: That perhaps in the world to come We shall find the things we have tried to do, But which have never been done. 318 son ( 2 if 2 S DN DALES Jay TR S £6 < = ‘ Ge 3 7 Nae EONS) ' Oo Tae 7 AS ) a WS Ae A Rae S KS > Soen panne Pm AS eee MOR Daa Va io Ae CExet es p fs ~- ‘eho * ie SSS) U\SOIS PCE? SS YSe —s “Le 4 f Me o* Ka S a Bie wi SS 25