solely to the sugar industry, thus encouraging its technological back-
wardness; condemned the system of housing the indentured Indians;
advocated free and compulsory primary education ; demanded a thorough
revision of the labour laws and their assimilation to the laws of England
where feasible; criticised the blunders associated with the railway and
its operation only in the interest of the sugar planters; and urged con-
stitution reform. I know of no more trenchant criticism of crown colony
government than this paragraph from Guppy's memorandum:

 "... the chief object of the Local Legislature has been by
 every conceivable device to force down artificially the price of
 labour and to confine it to the cultivation of the sugar cane;
 by importing labourers at the public expense to be indentured
 to plantations : by taxing the necessary food of the labourer;
 and, until the time of Governor Gordon, refusing to grant Crown
 lands to small settlers; by inequitable labour laws; by en-
 couraging the unjust administration of the laws by Magistrates
 devoted to the wishes of the sugar planters ; by refusal of practi-
 cable roads other than those required to convey the sugar planters'
 produce to the shipping place, and minor means tending to the
 same end. During all this time no men could be more grandiloquent
 about their intention, in all they proposed to do, being the de-
 velopment of the resources of the island ; no men could be more
 determined, as shewn by their measures, to do no other thing
 than bolster up the more or less nominal owners of sugar
 plantations."

 Pardon me, Ladies and Gentlemen, if I digress again to inquire
 whether there is in my audience tonight a certain high school principal,
 named Mr. Broome, who accused me recently of working for the good
 of the Indians and of trying to set up a heathen empire in the Western
 Hemisphere ? Doesn't he want to attack the Rostants and the Stollmeyers,
 the Alcazars and the Guppys, the Whartons and the Lazares, the Langes
 and the Fabiens, as well as the Roman Catholic Church, for demanding
 the vote for the Indians ? More and more people will come to recognize,
 from the unabashed racialism of men like Mr. Broome, and the similar
 racialism held by people like him in other camps, that the only salvation
 for our divided community is West Indian nationalism working for'the
 good of West Indians, all and sundry, whatever their racial origin, what-
 ever their colour, whatever their religion, whatever their previous con-
 dition of servitude.

 This demand for constitution reform in 1888 was no demand for
abstract rights. It was based on something far more simple and yet
far more profound-a conviction that only by some form of representa-
tive government could the people of Trinidad and Tobago exercise any
control over an irresponsible legislature nominated by the Secretary
of State for the Colonies. In language almost identical with that of the
past five years, the government of 1888 pleaded the necessity of stability
and the fear of alienating investors. The people of Trinidad and Tobago
brushed this aside. Listen to Guppy: