REVIEW QUESTIONS. 139

 

In tropical fauna, the mammalia are represented as fol-
lows:

Monkeys, by the orang-outang, chimpanzee, gorilla, and
baboon.

Flesh-eating mammals, by the lion, tiger, panther, and
puma.

Plant-eating mammals, by the elephant, rhinoceros, ta-
pir, hippopotamus, zebra, quagga, giraffe, and camel.

Marsupials, by the kangaroo.

Birds are represented by the condor, ostrich, eagle, ibis,
flamingo, cassowary, bird of paradise, peacock, and parrot.

Reptiles are represented by the crocodile, alligator,
iguana, and turtles.

The temperate fauna, though characterized by fewer of
the higher species of animals, yet contain many of large
size, and among them animals of great use to man.

In temperate fauna, the carnivorous mammalia are rep-
resented by the lynx, hyena, wolf, jackal, dog, fox, rac-
coon, bear, seal, and walrus.

The herbivorous mammalia, by the wild boar, hog,
horse, ass, ox, sheep, goat, chamois, moose, elk, reindeer,
stag, antelope, buffalo, camel, and lama.

The gnawing mammals, by the beaver, squirrel, rat, and
porcupine.

The whale, by the sperm and white whale.

The marsupials, by the kangaroo.

Birds, by the condor, vulture, hawk, eagle, owl, parrot,
turkey, pheasant, wren, thrush, robin, nightingale, lark,
pelican, and albatross.

The arctic fauna contain but comparatively few large
land species; the chief characteristics are numerous
smaller furry species.

The terrestrial arctic fauna are characterized by the fol-
lowing animals: the white polar bear, the reindeer, the
moose, and the musk-ox.

The marine arctic fauna are characterized by the Green-
land whale, the seal, and the walrus. The whale is among
the largest species of the animal world.

The peculiar distribution of the vegetation of the con-
tinents produces corresponding peculiarities in their cha-
racteristic fauna.

The North American continent is characterized by the
preponderance of its plant-eating mammals. The cause
of this peculiarity is to be found in the abundance of its
pasture lands.

Fur-bearing animals particularly characterize the north-
ern and central portions of North America.

There are three natural districts of fur-bearing animals
in North America: 1. The forest region; 2. The barren
grounds; 3. The prairie regions.

The South American continent is especially character-
ized by the predominance of reptilian life, aquatic birds,

 

and insects. The cause of the peculiarity is traceable to
the predominance of the vegetable life over the animal.

. The Asiatic continent is especially characterized as
being the original home of most of the animals which
man has domesticated. The cause of this peculiarity is
traceable to the fact that Asia was the primitive home of
man himself. :

The great deserts of Africa are characterized by the
presence of animals which are peculiarly noted for their
swiftness of locomotion.

In the remaining portions of Africa, the luxuriant vege-
tation sustains animals of a larger, bulkier growth; as, for
example, the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and the
giraffe.

Australia is peculiarly characterized by the presence of
the marsupials. It is the home of the kangaroo, the most
important of the marsupials.

Ethnography treats of the varieties of the human race,
and their distribution. ‘

Man has a wider range of distribution than any other
animal.

It is believed by most that all the varieties of the hu-
man race were originally descended from one family.

Though greatly different in color, size, stature, and in-
telligence, the general anatomical structure, the basis on
which all other animals are classified, is invariably the
same, even in the most widely differing races.

The languages of Europe and of a large portion of Asia,
appear to owe their origin to one parent nation, which
dwelt, during pre-historic time, in the neighborhood of
Mount Ararat and Mesopotamia.

The primary races are the Caucasian, the Mongolian,
and the Negro.

The secondary races are modifications of the Mongolian:
they are the Malay, the American, and the Australian.

The Caucasian race inhabits South-western Asia, North-
ern Africa, and nearly the whole of Europe.

The Caucasian race may be divided into three branches:
the Hamitic, the Semitic, and the Japhetic, or the Indo-
Europeans.

The Mongolian race inhabits all of Asia, except a small
part of the Malay Peninsula and those portions of the
continent occupied by the Caucasians.

The Chinese, Japanese, Esquimaux, Lapps, Finns, Turks,
and Magyars are the most important of the Mongolians.

The Negro race inhabits all the continent of Africa not
occupied by the Caucasians.

The Malay race inhabits the southern part of the Malay
Peninsula, Madagascar, and the islands of the Indian and
Pacific Oceans.

The Australian race inhabits all the continent of Aus-
tralia not settled by the whites.

REVIEW QUESTIONS.

——-0£9300——.

Define zéological geography. Fauna.

Why should the distribution of heat and moisture form
the true basis for the distribution of animal life?

Distinguish between the horizontal and the vertical dis-
tribution of animals.

What difference exists between terrestrial tropical fauna
and marine tropical fauna?

Between what limits, in the vertical distribution of ani-

mals, do the fauna of a tropical mountain-range resemble
that_of the tropical horizontal zone? Of the temperate
zone?

What lines generally form the boundaries of animal
regions?

Which possesses the greater power of acclimation, man
or the inferior animals?

State the characteristics of the tropical fauna, naming