DISTRIBUTION OF

THE HUMAN RACE. 1387

 

are called the secondary races, and appear to be
modifications of the Mongolian.

859. Cranial Characteristics.—The primary races are -

sharply distinguished by the following types of skull:

Caucasian. The skull is nearly oval, and the arch of
the cheek-bones moderate.

Mongolian. The skull is nearly round, the occipito-
frontal diameter, or the distance from the forehead to the
back of the head, is slightly greater than the parietal
diameter, or that between the temples.

Negro. The skull is elongated from the back of the
head to the forehead; that is, the occipito-frontal diam-
eter greatly exceeds the parietal. The cheek-bones are
large and projecting.

A 360. The Caucasian, or White Race is charac-
terized by a round or oval head; symmetrical
features; vertical teeth; round or oval face;
arched forehead; fair complexion, and ample
beard.

The Caucasian race inhabits South-western
Asia (Hindostan, Persia, and Arabia), Northern

‘Africa, and nearly the whole of Europe. The
descendants of the race now people large portions
of America, Australia, and Southern Africa.

361. Divisions of the Caucasian Race.—The
Caucasian race may be divided into three branches:
the Hamitic, the Semitic, and the Japhetic.

(1.) The Hamitie Races originally inhabited
Palestine, the shores of the Arabian Peninsula,
and the valley of the Nile. They are now, how-
ever, scarcely distinguishable from the other
branches of the Caucasian race, with whom they
have intermarried.

(2.) The Semitic, or Syro-Arabian Races, com-
prise the modern Syrians, the Jews or Hebrews,
the inhabitants of Arabia and Abyssinia, and the
greater part of Northern Africa.

Among the ancient peoples belonging to this branch of
the Caucasian race, are the Assyrians and Babylonians,
the Israelites, Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Ishmael-
ites, and Pheenicians. ;

_(8.) The Indo-Europeans, or the Aryan Race,
comprise the Japhetic race. They are the most
civilized peoples of the world, and include the
following nations:

(1.) Celtic Nations, including the Irish, Welsh, Scots, and
the Bretons of France.

(2.) Romanic Nations, comprising the Italians, Pbanlendss
Portuguese, and the French.

(3.) The ancient Greeks.

(4.) Germanic Nations, comprising the Germans, Anglo-
Saxons (English), Dutch, Flemish, Danes, Swedes, and the
Norwegians.

(5.) Slavonic Nations, comprising the Russians, Poles,
Croats, and Czechs.

(6.) Nations of the Iranian Plateau, comprising the Per-
sians, Belooches, and the Afghans,

(7.) The Hindoos.

16

. broad head;

 

362. The Mongolian, or Yellow Race.—The
chief characteristics of the Mongolian race are:
angular face; high cheek-bones;
small, obliquely-set eyes; straight, coarse, black
hair; scanty beard, and short stature. The color
of the skin varies from pale lemon to brownish
yellow.

The Mongolian race includes the inhabitants
of all of Asia, except a small part of the Malay
Peninsula, and those portions of the continent
occupied by the Caucasians. . It also includes the
Lapps and Finns, inhabiting the northern por-
tions of Europe, the Turks of Europe, and the
Magyars of Hungary, In America, the race is
represented by the Esquimaux, who inhabit
Greenland and the northern borders of the
North American continent.

In Central Asia, the race is represented by the Thibetans,
Chinese, Indo-Chinese, and others.

In Northern Asia, by the Samoides, inhabiting the shores
of the Arctic Ocean, from the Petchora to the Yenisei, and
south to the Altai Mountains; the Ugrian, or Finnic races,
inhabiting the upper valley of the Obe, and a part of
Northern Europe; the Tchooktchees, the Tungusians, and
the Yakuts, of North-eastern Asia.

Other branches of the race, are the Coreans, Japanese,
Kamtchatdales, Koriaks, and the Mongols.

363. The Negro, or Black Race.—The chief
characteristics of this race are: narrow and elon-
gated head; crisp and curly hair; projecting
jaws; thick lips; soft and silky skin; color black
or dusky ; scanty beard, especially on upper lip;
broad feet, and projecting heel-bones.

The race inhabits the entire continent of
Africa, excepting those ae occupied by the
Caucasians.

The following are the most important varieties of the
race: the Jalofis, Mandingoes, and Ashantis, in the west-
ern part; the Tibboos, in the north central; the Gallas,

in the eastern; the Congo Negroes, in the south central;
and the Hottentots and Kaffirs, in the extreme south.

The Negro tribes differ greatly in their civili-
zation: the Gallas, though cruel and vindictive,
are a handsome, gifted race; the Hottentots, on
the contrary, are among the most debased creat-
ures in existence.

364, The Secondary Races—The Malay, or
Brown Race; the Australian; and the American,
or Copper-colored Race, are modifications of the
Mongolian Race.

365. The Malay, or Brown Race,—The princi-
pal characteristics of this race are the same as
those which distinguish the Mongolian ; the eyes,
however, are horizontal, the face flat, and the hair