132 MAMMALS

and pigs and elephants, all in it find their place,
forming such a vast assemblage that any survey of
it would be hopelessly involved without a little pre-
liminary elimination. In the first place, then, we can
set aside the elephants, which are so distinguishable
by their trunks that they have been relegated to a
separate sub-order, the Proboscidea. Closely allied to
them are the little hyraces, or coneys, which have
a sub-order all to themselves, the Hyracotdea. The
extinct sub-orders need not detain us, and we are
left with an enormous crowd that we can halve into
those who have the middle toe larger than the rest,
and those in whom the third and fourth toes are
equally developed, so as to form the familiar ‘cloven
hoof’ These latter are the even-toed ungulates, the
Artiodactyla (from the Greek avizos, even, and daktulos,
a finger or toe). The others are the Perissodactyla,
in which the ‘ perisso’ comes from the Greek perzssos,
uneven. The even-toed group we can split up into
four sections. First, there are the Swzva, including
the pigs, peccaries, and hippopotami; then there are
the Zylopoda, or pad-foots, comprising the camels
and llamas; then there are the Pecora, including the
deer, giraffes, antelopes, sheep and cattle ; and lastly
we are left with the 7vagulena, or chevrotains, par-
taking at one and the same time of the characteristics
of the pigs, the camels, and the deer, and forming an
intermediate series that cannot well be assigned to
any one of the other three.

The pecora are ruminants, for they all chew the
cud. They have a complicated stomach of three or,
more generally, four chambers, known respectively as