T4 A JACOBITE EXILE

autumn of that year; and shortly afterwards the struggle
between the German Emperor, France, and Spain was also
concluded, but not at all to the satisfaction of the Swedish
mediators. While Sweden was occupied in this matter of
the pacification of Europe, the King of Denmark thought
to take advantage of the fact that Charles of Sweden was
but a minor, to press Frederick, Duke of Holstein, who was
in close alliance with him.

“There had long been serious differences between the
rulers of Denmark and Holstein, both of whom were
branches of the Oldenburg family, and this in reference to
the Duchy of Schleswig. The quarrel had arisen from the
act of Christian the Third of Denmark, who decreed that
the descendants of his brother Adolphus should govern
Holstein jointly with the King of Denmark, and that Hol-
stein and Schleswig should belong to them in common,
neither making any change in Holstein without the con-
sent of the other A more foolish arrangement could not
have been conceived, for anyone might have foreseen that
it would lead to disputes and troubles. In fact, quarrels
continually arose until, at the Peace of Rosahild in 1658,
the duchy was adjudged to Denmark. Holstein, however,
never acquiesced in this, and in 1675 there was war, when
Holstein being defeated, the Danes imprisoned its duke,
Christian Albertus, until he signed a renunciation of all
his rights.

“Fis troops were disarmed and all his towns and for-
tresses garrisoned by Danish troops. On his release the
duke went to Hamburg, where he remained till at the
Peace of Fontainebleat, four years later, he was replaced
in possession of his estates and rights of sovereignty. But
this did not last long. New troubles arose, but Sweden,
England, and Holland interested themselves in favour of
the duke, and a peace was concluded in 1689, by which he
was confirmed in the rights given him ten years before,