601

suma.ki.y is.ch'uk.t'a.p.x.ita:ta ‘you will listen to
Tisten 2>1 me nicely’ (Socca)

F

In La Paz the verbalized noun suma.cha.fia ‘to pacify,
to make amends, to decorate (e. g. a house)' takes a human
subject. The noun suma verbalized with -pta- takes an ani-
mal subject, and probably also a human subject; see the
example given for jagi, below.

Use of suma alone (that is, not in one of the noun
phrases given above) to modify a noun having human reference
is usually perceived as obscene and/or derisive in Bolivia,
as in the popular song Suma Tawagu 'Nice (?) Girl' (i. e.
‘tasty dish'). There is some evidence that such an expres-
sion is not necessarily obscene in other dialects, suma
kullaka ‘good sister' being acceptable to a speaker from
Socca; however, he may have been influenced by Missionary
usages (se 9-6.12).

Certain nouns in Aymara always have human reference.
One is jayra ‘lazy person.' Another, of much greater im-
portance in the language, is the noun chosen by Hardman to
designate Aymara and its sister languages: jaqi. This
means ‘human being, person, people’ in all the Jaqi languages.
In Aymara the noun jaqi used alone usually refers to the
Aymara people specifically. One speaker from La Paz rejected
*Quechua jaqgi. However, some speakers extend the term jaqi

to other races or ethnic groups in such noun phrases as