158

4-3.21.32 Voicing and frication of prevocalic /p/ in
-pa 3p suffix
This occurred only in Calacala. The vowel follow-
ing /p/ is stressed. In both examples /p/ is preceded by

a stop rather than a vowel as in the previous rule.
Vv
ut.pa.ru [ut : dru] 'to his house'
lak.pa.ru [lag ; éru] ‘to his mouth'

In the second example the voicing and frication are also
regressive, affecting the /k/ of laka ‘mouth'. It is
interesting to note that -pa is the only personal posses-
sive suffix that begins with a stop; the others all begin
with nonstops. Whether this fact has any bearing on the
frication of /p/ in this instance is not yet determined.
This may instead be a case of operation of the intervocalic
voicing rule (4-3.21.31) on the underlying forms *uta.pa.ru
and *laka.pa.ru, followed by operation of the rule deleting
the vowel preceding -pa (5-3.24).
4-3.21.33  Prevocalic voicing after homorganic nasal or
palatal lateral

This rule is obligatory in Salinas within morphemes

regardless of position of word stress. The rule may be

tentatively written as follows as if it applied after any