10

On the basis of these dates and linguistic evi-
dence from Hardman of a closer linguistic relationship
between Kawki and Aymara than between Jaqaru and Aymara,
Torero has posited the following phases in the expansion
of the language family: (1) a first split in the fifth
century A. D. or before, (2) a second split in the
ninth century, and (3) a proto-Aymara period a few cen-~-
turies before the establishment of the Inca empire.
Tying these in with archaeological evidence, Torero has
identified the first phase with the beginning of Nazca
influence in the region of Ayacucho and the second phase
as occurring during the Vifiaque culture centered in the
city of Huari, which controlled the area from Yauyos in
Lima to southern Cuzco and Arequipa between A. D. 500
and 1000. The third phase coincided with the third
stage of the Middle Horizon after the decline of the
important Vifiaque centers (Torero 1972b:92,94,97).

With respect to the expansion of Aymara on the
altiplano, Torero has calculated the date of divergence
between the dialect of Moho in the province of Huancané,
department of Puno, and that spoken near La Paz, Bolivia
as about A. D. 1550. While holding that a comparison
of these dialects with one from southern Bolivia would
show a longer period of separation, he has tentatively
suggested that Aymara penetrated the area around Lake
Titicaca during the 13th century A. D. in the latter part
of his third phase (Torero 1972b:62-63).