A multiple user approach also allows for separation between spheres of activity and control between men and women, between age groups and between classes of houseFIBRE holds. "Management" of specific plants or places may be
9 ANIMAL FODDER subdivided between these same groups. Examples abound of
AIA Othe need for agroforesters to deal with multiple users as
WOD clients even with respect to single tree species. The case
PASTURE Wr of Pananao in the Central Mountains of the Dominican
Republic (see Figure 11.1) illustrates the multiple and sometimes conflicting uses of individual palm trees by men
CRL -------WHOL
TREE and women. The same tree or parts thereof can be used for
CRL9 Rfiber by women, cheap construction wood by men, and animal / feed by men and women.
SCROPLAND In Pananao, the distinct division of control and
cr 9 responsibility over resources and labor extends to spaces
CRL Land activities as well as to plar or spec ific products.
Women's processing activities require products from men's fields, herds, and woodlands. While women control the processing enterprise, they do not manage source areas of raw materials. In this community, some cassava bread enterprises have been severely curtailed by fuelwood shortages resulting from rapid conversion of woodlands to PATIO cropland and pasture by men (Rocheleau 1984). Women's
P I handicraft enterprises also suffered from raw material
PROCESSING ,shortages when swine fever reduced demand for palm fruit
9 for hog feed and men felled the palms for cheap building
CRL materials or cash (E. Georges 1983, pers. comm.).
OREST REMNANTS Agroforestry design in such situations clearly requires
Consultations with both men and women to design agroforestR try practices that address the needs of each group, whether
RL separately or jointly. Agroforestry technologies for multiple users can accommodate separate, fully shared, or interlocking (partially shared) use depending on the compatibility of both the uses and the users.
THE RURAL LANDSCAPE AS CONTEXT AND FOCUS
FIGURE 11.1
The landscape embodies spatially and over time rural PANANAO SIERRA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC people's ideas of their relation to each other and to the
natural environment. Visible landscape patterns and feaThis figure demonstrates the multi-purpose use of land and tures provide an excellent point of departure for detertrees in Pananao assuming that both men and women are mining the spatial distribution of men's and women's dopresent in the household. R = responsibility to provide a mains of activity, responsibility, control, and knowledge.
product thereof to household; 1 = labor input for estab- During the past few years, many societies have experienced
lishment, maintenance or harvest; c = control of resource dramatic changes in the division of space and activity due
or process. to the introduction of cash cropping, commercial logging,
and other enterprises.
Source: Rocheleau, D. (1987a) The process of "landscape domestication" in rural areas
presents a challenge for agroforestry design and practice.