192 University of California Publications in History
 Alabama, and Mississippi. The actual transfer of what remained
 of Spanish West Florida (the section east of the Perdido) was
 effected in a transaction between Spanish Commissioner Jose
 Callava and Jackson on July 17, 1821. Jackson's imperious nature
 showed itself when over a small argument concerning the delivery
 of certain papers he peremptorily ordered Callava imprisoned.
 Meanwhile, on July 10, the transfer of East Florida had been made
 at St. Augustine by Governor Jos6 Coppinger to Colonel Robert
 .Butler."
 Thus ended years of frontier rivalry in the southeast, a region
 in which the Indian policies of the two countries had long been in
 contrast and conflict. Whereas the Spaniards had endeavored to
 maintain the Indian communities and to exploit their trade, the
 United States had begun its campaign of extermination. The Span-
 iards had tolerated and even befriended the Indians as neighbors,
 albeit they sometimes proved troublesome. But there was no room
 for Creek or Cherokee on land the United States expected to
 occupy. As a result of this policy the southern frontier was not
 pacified until the last sizable group of Indians had been removed
 or wiped out in the so-called "Second Seminole War," 1834-1842."
SClaims settlements also entailed years of controversy. The com-
 mission which was provided for in Article 11 reported on June 8,
 1824, after having considered eighteen hundred claims for a wide
 variety of damages to United States citizens, chiefly those incurred
 in maritime shipping, and many resulting from the blockade of
 the South American coast by the Spanish royalists. Several of the
 claims were thrown out for lack of information, among them one
 for $491,153.33 (a Spanish commission had adjudicated it at $373,-
 879.83) from Richard W. Meade for supplies furnished the Span-
 ish government and for illegal imprisonment growing out of the
 debt. Meade had been a merchant in CAdiz since 1803 and was a
 man of influence. The controversy over his claim was widely dis-
 cussed in Spain, England, and the United States, and resulted in
 the publication of an argumentative tract as late as 1910."
 The commission finally adjudicated all the claims at a total of
 $5,454,545.13; but as the treaty limit of indemnity was five mil-
 lions, each of the awards had to be reduced proportionately by 8%
 per cent."
 The Superior Court judges in East and West Florida were an-