74 University of California Publications in History

ture was the appointment in December, 1816, of Martin de Garay
as finance minister. Like Pizarro, he was a man who commanded
respect for integrity and ability. He began work immediately upon
a great financial reform plan, with which he made some headway.
It was eventually pushed aside by court intrigue, however, and
Garay went the way of all discredited ministers, into exile from
the court.
 SPANISH PROCEDURE AND POLIOIB
Pizarro's program did not take effect for some time after his ap-
pointment. Long and arduous debate with Erving resulted in only
one or two significant agreements. In Washington, after months of
waiting, Onis at last received instructions from the new secretario
de estado, only to find that negotiations there would have to be
postponed until the reorganization attendant upon the inaugura-
tion of the new administration could be effected. Adams had been
chosen by Monroe as the new secretary of state, but he was minis-
ter to England at the time and did not return from London until
late in 1817. Consequently, conversations with Onis were not
opened until December of that year.
 In the interim it was becoming apparent that the change from
 Cevallos to Pizarro was a most significant and fortunate event for
 Spain. In view of the inactivity which had characterized the regime
 of Cevallos, the organization, industry, and policies of the for-
 eign office under Pizarro's administration were striking and merit
 analysis.
 First it must be noted that, although Pizarro did inform himself
 thoroughly on the questions at issue with the United States, he was
 greatly assisted by a clerk in the foreign office, Narciso de Heredia
 (to whom he gives credit in his Memorias), who handled all the
 routine of this negotiation, wrote the instructions to Onis, and
 apparently acted as expert adviser. Consequently, it was on He-
 redia that the real burden of the transaction fell.' It appears,
 however, from the general tone of Pizarro's work, and particularly
 from the accounts of dealings with him written by Erving and
 Henry Wellesley, that Pizarro was himself well acquainted with
 the situation in America, and that he followed it closely.
 Certainly much study and labor were given to the problem. The
 notes to foreign ministers and instructions to Spanish ministers in
 foreign courts, as well as the reports submitted to the Council of